Herbicides solubilization

Uses Wetting agent, dispersant, detergent for household and industrial cleaners, metal cleaners, sanitizers, textile processing, wool scouring emulsifier for insecticides and herbicides solubilizer of perfumes pharmaceutical excipient defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles food pkg. adhesives adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions... 

Emulsions containing a water-solubile herbicide salt and a herbicide soluble in an organic solvent are prepared by a mixture of water, dioctyl phthalate, and isophorone. In this case ethoxylated poly ary lphenol phosphate neutralized with triethanolamine and ethoxylated acid phosphoric acid esters is used as emulsifier [231],... 

The components in a simple penetration experiment consist of a surfactant, water-soluble herbicide, and water. Since the surfactant is at a concentration of 0.5 to 1%, it interacts with water and forms micelles. Since micelles are formed, these could solubilize some of the herbicide inside the micelle. Now we have five components, (1) water, (2) surfactant monomer, (3) surfactant micelle, (4) micelle with solubilized herbicide, and (5) an herbicide in anhydrous or hydrated form which all come in contact with the plant. Which one or more of these components has the greatest effect on the plant Before a thorough understanding of this phenomenon can be achieved, the interaction of each of these components with a plant must be investigated separately, and perhaps the plant is too complex for initial study. Perhaps a homogeneous semipermeable membrane could be used instead. 

No physical removal of cuticle has been observed with microscopic and chemical studies when the cuticle is treated with a surfactant, although solubilization of waxes has been suggested. It is likely that orientation of surfactant molecules occurs towards the cuticle surface causing wetting and spreading of the spray droplets over the leaf surface. This would enhance the penetration of the herbicide solution into stomata, insect punctures, cracks, and other imperfections in the leaf surface. 

Tween 80 (also known as At-Plus 109 and Polysorbate 80) is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and was obtained from Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc. This nonionic surfactant has an HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) of 15.0 and is used as an emulsifier, solubilizer, and dispersant. It was used without further purification at the 0.1% (w/v) level in partitioning and greenhouse herbicidal evaluations as described below. 

Croduret [Croda Chem. Ltd.] Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil emulsifier, solubilizer, emollient superfatting agent detergent used for cosmetics, pharmaceuricals, textiles, metalwt -ing fluids, emulsion polymerization, insecticides, herbicides, household d -gents. 

Incrocas. [Crodainc.] Ethoxylated castor oil emulsifio, solubilizer, nnol-lient, supeifatting agent, lubri t for personal care prods., detergents, metal-wtxking fluids, insecticides, herbicides, household prods. lubricant, antistat, softener, dye leveling i ent for textiles ... 

Sites contaminated by chlorinated pesticides (e.g. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) and herbicides (e.g. atrazine, molinate and bentazone) due to agricultural activities and accidental spills have received little attention (Chapters 11 and 12). These contaminants are nonpolar in characteristics and sorb strongly to the soil. Similar to other hydrophobic organic compounds, desorption using solubilizing agents such as surfactants and cosolvents as well as... 

Uses Detergent, wetting agent, solubilizer, dispersant, micro-emulsifier for laundry prods., hard surf, cleaners, industrial specialties, solid air fresheners, toilet blocks, pesticides/herbicides agric. adjuvant for water disp. systems dispersant for aq. coatings and inks Properties Clear liq. oil-sol. pH 2.5 (10% aq.) surf. tens. 34.5 dynes/cm (0.01%) Ross-Miles foam 105 mm (0.1%, 40 C, initial) anionic 90 3% solids... 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier, lubricant, dispersant, solubilizer, vise, control agent for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applies. coemulsifier for herbicides, metalworking, hydraulic fluids, rayon delustrants, paints in food-pkg. adhesives defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105,175.300,176.210,177.2800 Manuf./Distrib. ABITEC Fiuka Sigma Trade Names Alkamuls CO-15 Surfonic CO-15... 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent, dispersant in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, polymerization, paints emulsifier, dispersant in medicinals adjuvant in herbicides diluent in food colorants flavor antistat, lubricant for textile fibers emulsifier for textile lubricants, spin finishes lubricant, antistat and antifog for plastics defoamer, dispersant, emulsifier in foods emulsifier in food pkg. in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Phenoxy acid herbicides, sulfonyl ureas, quaternary ammonium derivatives (quats), and aryloxy propanoic acids are the main classes of compounds subjected to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Triazines are also separated using nonaqueous CZE, while low pfCa characterized chlorotriazines require an ion-pair-like solubilization using cationic surfactants (tetradecylammonium bromide, dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide). Chiral selectors are added in CZE for obtaining enantioselectivity. Chiral selectors used for herbicide enantiomeric discrimination are vancomycin, y-cyclodextrin, ethyl carbonate -cyclo-dextrin, cyclohexyl-alkyl-)S-D-maltoside, sulpropyl ether a-cyclodextrin, and hexakis(2,3-di-0-methyl)-a-cyclodextrin. 

In agriculture, PEGs are used as carriers and solubilizers in pest control. When used with esterified fatty acids, they form dispersing agents and emulsifiers for insecticides and herbicides [134]. 

Temple and Hilton [253] determined the solubilities of ametryne, diuron, and atrazine in a wide range of 0.5 % surfactant solutions. Weight for weight the solubility is greatest in the cationic Nalquat and Aliquat series. The Carbowaxes and dimethylformamide have no effect on the solubility of these herbicides (Table 10.28). These authors point out that when no surfactant is present, saturated solutions applied to the foliage will precipitate as the spray evaporates. When a solubilized preparation is used, two effects should be considered firstly the increased amount of surfactant in the initial spray, and secondly, the solubility of the herbicide in the remaining surfactant after the water has evaporated. It has been found that the solubility (4 to 15%) of ametryne, diuron, and atrazine in some pure surfactants is sufficient to keep all of the herbicide present in a saturated spray solution in solution on the leaf surface but it is possible that solubilized preparations are more readily lost from leaf surfaces in rainwater. 

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