Herbarium plant

The collection of plant tissue is quite different from animal tissue collection. The discussion of collection of plant and animal tissue by Dessauer et al.2S is detailed and helpful. However, the recommendations for procedures unique to plant tissue collection are somewhat misleading and outdated, especially when tropical collections are involved. Plant tissue can now be collected and transported as either fresh tissue (leaves and/or shoot cuttings) or preserved tissue the latter either as cryopreserved tissue (liquid nitrogen or dry ice) or as dried tissue (air-dried, herbarium-dried, lyophilized, or chemically dried). Ambient-temperature liquid chemical preservation techniques (such as those routinely done for herbarium plant specimens in the tropics) so far have been ineffective in maintaining adequate yields of high-quality DNA.15 It should be stressed again that the manner of collecting plant tissue is dictated by several other factors what macromolecule (DNA, RNA, or isozymes) will be examined, what type of nucleic acid extraction method will be used (or, more impor-... 

J. Penuelas, J. Azcon-Bieto (1992) Changes in leaf A C of herbarium plant species during the last 3 centuries of CO increase. Plant Cell Environ. 15, 485-489... 

Flavonoids may be extracted from fresh or frozen plant tissues or from herbarium material, although freeze-dried material may also be utilized [34]. It is very important to ensure that the matoial to be extracted is finely divided, whether by cutting or emshing, to ensure proper extraction. Extraction can be carried out successively with methanol containing some 10% of wate and thm with a 1 1 mixture of methanol and water. Each extraction should be carried out for a period of about 2 h, shaking or stirring to facilitate the process. The extracts are then combined for chromatographic separation. 

Fig. 95. Altingia excelsa. Plants of Indonesia. Herbarium Bogoriense—Harvard University Herbaria. Geographical localization Bali, Timur, Tabanah 2 km west of Candi Kuning, in natural area of Kebun Raya, behind introduced Altingia forest. Alt 1400 feet. 8° 18 S -115° 9 E. Field collector MacDonalds, 1961. 

The plant material was collected from two different localities in northern Anatolia, firstly from the vicinity of Oymalitepe village, Yomra town, Trabzon at 600 m altitude (coded as LC-T) and secondly from Bagirankaya plataeu, Ikizdere town, Rize at 2,000 m altitude (coded as LC-R) in 2001. The identification of the plant samples was carried out by Dr. Salih Terzioglu from the Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. The voucher specimen (GUE 2216) has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. 

Salvia frigida Boiss. is a perennial plant, growing to height of 10-30 (-50) cm with pink flowers. Salvia frigida Boiss. was collected in June 2005 from Keltepe-Kocaeli-Turkey. A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the Biology Department, University of Marmara. 

PLANT MATERIAL. - S. divinorum was cultivated by the author at home and at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the University of Michigan Herbarium. 

I am grateful to Hugh H. litis and for funds provided by the E.K. and O.N. Allen Herbarium Fund. Mark Wetter and Don Waller offered helpful comments, L.J. Valdes generously provided potted plants, Steve Solheim assisted during fieldwork, and Robert Kowal and Ray Curies provided guidance and the use of their laboratory facilites. Thanks also to Irene Baker for nectar analyses and Lucy Taylor for artwork. Additional funding for fieldwork was provided by the UW Botany Department J.J. Davis Fund, the... 

Collections made in southern Brazil arc in Herbario Hatschbach, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, a private herbarium not listed in Index Herbariorum. Some West African collections were made under the auspices of the Chelsea College of Science and Technology, London. Some of the southern Mexican plants were collected and identified by the late Donald Cox, Oaxaca. 

The cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive substances contained both in Cannabis and Echinacea plants. The first reliable evidence of the effects of drugs derived from cannabis is a compendium of Chinese medicine (a herbarium), dated 2700 bc today it has become very common in many parts of the world. 

Chemical analysis of the plant material can often be of assistance to the plant taxonomist. Cases of doubtful identity can sometimes be resolved. For example, the various species of Alyssum are rather similar morphologically. A simple col-ourimetric test of herbarium material can quickly confirm, or deny a given classification by the taxonomist. 

Following this earlier work, nearly 150 hyperaccumulators of Ni have now been reported (Table 4-3), largely as the result of chemical tests on herbarium specimens. This has led to increased interest in these plants for the reasons outlined in the introduction of this chapter. 

United States, permits are often mandatory for plant collections made within city, county, state, and national parks, as well as for those made in wilderness areas, conservancies, and other protected sites. Such permits are usually specific as to species and quantity of material allowed for collection and expire within 6 to 12 months. Many require submitting a detailed proposal, depositing a set of herbarium specimens, and presenting periodic field or progress reports (personal observation).23... 

An essential, and sometimes overlooked, part of plant tissue collection is the herbarium voucher. Herbarium specimen vouchers are usually obtained with field-collected material, but they are often neglected when the tissue is obtained via seeds or through an intermediate source (botanical garden, colleague, etc.). Botanical garden collections are numbered by accession, and the original voucher information (collector and number) can usually be traced in records maintained by the botanical garden. This information should be obtained and recorded, but it is also prudent to have a second voucher made at the same time as the tissue is collected. Label... 

The specimen should be properly dried, labeled, and identified by competent systematists or even specialists. Photographic records are helpful and sometimes must take the place of a plant specimen in situations when endangered or threatened species are involved and populations have already been vouchered (e.g., Hawaiian Lobeliaceae). Special arrangements must be made if the voucher for the molecular systematic study is unicate and will be carried out of the country, because most foreign countries require that the first set of plant specimens be deposited at the national or a local herbarium. The herbarium in which the vouchers are deposited (see Holmgren et a/.24) should be cited in subsequent publications. 

Dried plant tissue is the easiest to transport but still can require permits (as with herbarium voucher specimens) to clear customs. A small amount of the desiccant in contact with the leaf tissue in Ziploc bags or plastic bottles is recommended. Indicator desiccant is recommended to avoid possible confusion concerning the nature of the white powder. 17 Customs and agricultural inspection officials in both exiting and entrying... 

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