Herbaria

Scheme 30 Kinetically and thermodynamically controlled RCM in Fiirstner s total synthesis of herbarium I (163) [84]...

Van Arsdall A. Medieval herbal remedies. The old English Herbarium and Anglo-Saxon medicine. Routledge, Boca Raton, 2002. 

Phillipson, J. S. 1982. Chemical investigations of herbarium material for alkaloids. Phytochemistry 21 2441-2456. 

Flavonoids may be extracted from fresh or frozen plant tissues or from herbarium material, although freeze-dried material may also be utilized [34]. It is very important to ensure that the matoial to be extracted is finely divided, whether by cutting or emshing, to ensure proper extraction. Extraction can be carried out successively with methanol containing some 10% of wate and thm with a 1 1 mixture of methanol and water. Each extraction should be carried out for a period of about 2 h, shaking or stirring to facilitate the process. The extracts are then combined for chromatographic separation. 

Fig. 32. Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook. f. Thoms.) Merr. From FRI Herbarium 023427. Flora of Malaya. Geographical localization National Park, altitude 700 feet in primary forest. 

Fig. 38. Ervatamia pandacaqui (Poir.) Pichon. Flora of The Philippines. Herbarium Vadense (WAG). Botanical identification A.J.M. Leuwenberg, 1987. Geographical localization Pinamalayan, Mindanao. Field collector Ramos. June, 1922. 

Fig. 81. Fissistigma fulgens (Hk. f. etTh.) Merr. Flora of Malaya. Herbarium Singapore. Field Collector Mohd. Shah Mahmud. No 4996. Date 7/21/1984. alt 1200 feet. Terengganu. 

Fig. 83. Diospyros sumatrana. From Oxford University Department of Forestry. Forest Herbarium. T.D. Pennington. 9/11/1963. No 7807. From FRIM Kepong. No 94504. Det Ahmad. 

Fig. 92. Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Muell.-Arg. From KLU Herbarium 33970. Flora of Johore, West Malaysia. Comm. Ex. Herb. Hort. Bot. SING. Field collector botanical identification J.F. Maxwell. 4/10/1982. Geographical localization KotaTinggi Waterfalls. 

Fig. 93. Phyllanthus acidus. Forest Department herbarium, Brunei. Brun 5171. Geographical localization kedayan, Cheramai. Jalan Muara, South Lumut. In old, secondary forest. 2/3/1959. 

Fig. 95. Altingia excelsa. Plants of Indonesia. Herbarium Bogoriense—Harvard University Herbaria. Geographical localization Bali, Timur, Tabanah 2 km west of Candi Kuning, in natural area of Kebun Raya, behind introduced Altingia forest. Alt 1400 feet. 8° 18 S -115° 9 E. Field collector MacDonalds, 1961. 

Fig. 108. Blumea riparia (Bl.) DC. Distributed from The Herbarium Botanic Gardens Singapore. No HMB 2589. 7/17/1961. Coll. Det. Burkill. Geographical localization Gunong Pulai. Exposed on rock. Alt 1200 ft. 

Mosses and lichens accumulate nickel readily and at least nine species are used to monitor environmental gradients of nickel (Jenkins 1980a). Maximum concentrations of nickel found in whole lichens and mosses from nickel-contaminated areas range between 420 and 900 mg/kg DW vs. 12 mg/kg DW from reference sites (Jenkins 1980a). Nickel concentrations in herbarium mosses worldwide have increased dramatically during this century. In one case, nickel concentrations in Brachythecium salebrosum from Montreal, Canada, rose from 6 mg/kg DW in 1905 to 105 mg/kg DW in 1971 (Richardson etal. 1980). 

The plant material was collected from two different localities in northern Anatolia, firstly from the vicinity of Oymalitepe village, Yomra town, Trabzon at 600 m altitude (coded as LC-T) and secondly from Bagirankaya plataeu, Ikizdere town, Rize at 2,000 m altitude (coded as LC-R) in 2001. The identification of the plant samples was carried out by Dr. Salih Terzioglu from the Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. The voucher specimen (GUE 2216) has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. 

Salvia frigida Boiss. is a perennial plant, growing to height of 10-30 (-50) cm with pink flowers. Salvia frigida Boiss. was collected in June 2005 from Keltepe-Kocaeli-Turkey. A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the Biology Department, University of Marmara. 

Ames, M., Spooner, D. A. (2008). DNA from herbarium speeimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato. Am. J. Bot., 95, 252-251. 

In related contributions, Flirstner disclosed a concise RCM-based approach to a family of potent herbicidal 10-membered lactones with an (E)-double bond, which led to the first total syntheses of herbarium I 227°" and II 228, and allowed also to establish the stereostructure of pinolidoxin 229 (Scheme 42). Again, the stereochemical... 

Reveal J. Proposals to Modify the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Suprageneric Names. Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA (http //www.inform.umd.edu/PBIO/fam/... 

Finally in September and October of 1962, satisfactory herbarium material reached us. when we were in San Jose Tenango, on which Dr. Epling could base his specific description. Tenango, at about 1200 meters altitude, is close to and above the tierra Caliente of Vera Cruz. 

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