Helsinki Protocol

An assessment conducted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe found that by 1993, all 21 parties to the Helsinki Protocol had met its sulfur reduction targets, reducing their 1980 sulfur emissions by 48%. As of 1993, 18 of 25 parties to the Sofia Protocol had fulfilled its emission target, three had failed to submit data, and four had emissions that were 4-41% above their 1987 NO limits, largely because of increased urban traffic. ... 

Helsinki Protocol on Reduction of Sulfur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% (22 have ratified entered into force 1987). 

Germany pushed to include NO, emissions controls already in Helsinki Protocol but failed due to UK opposition... 

Six healthy male volunteers aged 21-30 years and weighing 65-85 kg were informed about the possible risks and side effects of the study and their written consent was obtained. Routine clinical tests showed all subjects to have values within the normal ranges. The Ethical Committee of the Helsinki Deaconess Institute Hospital approved the experimental protocol. 

Proposing this new criterion in a document like the Declaration of Helsinki implies a policy that should rule all research being done. Note that the Declaration of Helsinki is "the" ethical code. It morally binds all researchers and should be abided by research ethics committees when evaluating protocols and sustained as a requirement when publishing an article. Hence, changing the standard of care in such a document would have a profound impact on research. It would imply a new normative criterion for all research. 

Protocol audits are best scheduled when the protocol is still in draft stage, immediately prior to finalization. The purpose of protocol audits is to assess if the protocol complies ICH GCP (1995), ICHE3 (1995), ICH E9 (1998), the Declaration of Helsinki (2006), national regulations (e.g. FDA CFR requirements... 

If a generic subject information sheet and informed consent form are attached to the protocol, these documents should also be reviewed for compliance with any requirements for informed consent, such as GCP, SOPs and the Declaration of Helsinki, and for consistency with the trial protocol. The information sheet and informed consent forms must be written in a language understandable to the trial participant and should include information on data protection/privacy. Further information on protocol and informed consent audits is available in literature (Bohaychuk and Ball, 1999 DGGF, 2003). 

All European countries require, in common with the United States, and in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki, that ethics committees (the European version of institutional review boards in the United States) review protocols from phase I-IV and the general conduct of trials outside the formal protocol document. However, there is wide variation in Europe as to how this procedure is enacted. In countries such as France, Spain and Germany, there is a national system of ethics committees that duplicate similar work at a local level. In the United Kingdom, there are a wide variety of ethics committees, such as commercial committees, those set up by the Royal College of Physicians, and those run by local area health authorities or hospital trusts. 

Clinical trials can be conducted in the Philippines provided prior permission from the BFAD is granted. The application and protocol are submitted to BFAD. There is an approved list of clinicians from which investigators are selected. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with guidelines on GCP. Patients informed consent must be obtained, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. 

Spurred by more developed research findings and continued negative environmental and human health effects, UNECE member states adopted the first protocol in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland. This updated document acknowledges the effect of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants on air quality, but continues to focus on sulfur emissions. Great attention had been... 

Protocol to the UNECE 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Helsinki, Finland. 

In the context of the UN-ECE-protocol regarding a convention on long-range-trans-boundary air pollution, several additional protocols have already been ratified by member states as the protocol on EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Genf 1984, the protocols on the reduction of emissions of sulfur Helsinki 1985 and VOG Genf 1991 and others). 

The Baltic Sea s protection started in 1992 in Helsinki when an international convention on this subject was signed. More than 150 pollution sources are listed in this convention s protocols. But even the fullest realisation of the convention will not prevent the ecological disaster if the dumped weapons are not safely isolated. 

Ten healthy, adult volunteers (7 females and 3 males) participated in this study with normal vision. Their ages were between 19 and 43 years old. The study protocol had been approved by the local ethics committee and the Helsinki Declaration covering the use of human subjects was observed at all times. All subjects provided their written, informed consent in advance. 

Ten healthy subjects participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 25 to 50 years old (age average and standard deviation 35.6 4.5 years old). Two were females 8 were males, 7 were Asians and 3 were Caucasians. All of them were free of any medication and didn t complain of any kinds of muscle pains at the time of the experiments. The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed the local Institutional Review Board approved the study protocols and experimental procedures. Also, informed consent was obtained for all subjects. Before the experiment each subject filled out a questionnaire, which was kept confidential and included patient s identification, age, ethnicity and gender. 

The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed, the study protocols and experimental procedures were approved by the local Institutional Review Board, and iirformed consent was obtained for all subjects. They also filled a questionnaire regarding identification and clinical information, which were kept confidential. 

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