First protocol

Three different experimental protocols were used throughout the work. Two protocols were used to determine the activity size distribution, the first protocol, based on individual progeny, for the bulk of the measurement days (Jan 29 to Feb 6) and the second, based on Working Level, for the last two days (Feb 7 and 8). The third experimental protocol was used for general determination of Working Levels from Jan 29 to Feb 6. 

FIGURE 1.40 Comparison of results from plasma-first and solvent-first protocols.159 (Reproduced with permission from Biotage AB.)... 

A further modification uses 0.45-pm membrane filters. The procedure is the same as in the first protocol, but instead of centrifugation, the protein-dye complex is sucked through the filters. After that, the filters are washed with Soln. C and extracted with Soln. D. This protocol, given by Nakao et al., is apphcable for amounts between 1 and 20 pg. 

The initial success with early transition metals, such as zirconium and titanium, reported by the Buchwald group, included an indirect cycloaddition between an enyne and isocyanides. The first protocol that used [Gp2Ti(PMc3)2] or Ni(GOD) together with triphenylphosphine failed to cyclize the enynes under the pressure of GO, but provided the cyclic imines with trialkylsilyl isocyanides, and bicyclic enones were obtained by hydrolysis of the resultant imine products (Equation (9)). ... 

Isopiestic determination is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring food aw. In this method a sample of known mass is stored in a closed chamber and allowed to reach equilibrium with an atmosphere of known ERH (or equilibrate with a standard of known aw). In the first protocol (see Basic Protocol), a standard salt solution, for which aw is well established, is used to control this atmosphere. The aw of the sample is then determined by equilibration with the resulting atmosphere. In the second protocol (see Alternate Protocol), the isopiestic determination of aw is accomplished by equilibration of the sample with a reference material, for which the relationship between water content and aw is known. The condition of equilibrium is determined by reweighing the sample at intervals until constant mass is reached. The moisture content of the sample is then determined either directly or by calculation from the reference material s original moisture content and change in mass. Unsaturated salt solutions of known ERH can also be used to equilibrate the samples however, this requires estimation of the ERH of the jars at the end of the equilibration by measuring the exact concentration of the salt solution, which may be tedious. 

In the first protocol (see Basic Protocol 1), the maximum light absorption of betanin, the major betacyanin, and vulgaxanthin-I, the major betaxanthin, are measured. The betanin and vulgaxanthin contents are calculated using each pigment s 1 % absorptivity value A,%. The method takes into account small amounts of interfering substances. 

The first protocols developed for evaluation of the performance of diffusive samplers were based on workplace applications. The European standard EN838 1995 (EN (1995)) is an example. This approach has been adapted to provide a protocol for the evaluation of the performance of diffusive samplers for ambient air monitoring (EN, 2004a). It describes a series of tests that enable a calculation of the measurement uncertainty. The key sampler related factors assessed are ... 

Film Fabrication. The platinum electrode (0.28 cm area) was fabricated and cleaned as previously described (19). Thin films of AQ-enzyme were prepared by dissolving an amount of the enzyme, as indicated below, in 10 il of 1.5% AQ polymers solution at room temperature. Two aliquots of 5 il were deposited atop the platinum electrode and the first aliquot was allowed to dry before the second addition. This procedure corresponds to the first protocol. In addition, for the second protocol, 10 il of the 0.5% Nafion solution was casted atop the dried AQ-enzyme film and the methanol was allowed to evaporate at room temperature. The third protocol consisted in the deposition of 10 il of a 1% of AQ solution containing the enzyme, atop the platinum electrode followed by heating in an oven at 50°C during 30 min. In each case, 2 U of glucose oxidase were used. 

The first protocol describes the simple reduction of an organic azide employing triphenylphosphine and water in tetrahydrofuran... 

This section will be divided in two main parts, describing first protocols to evaluate effects on cell growth, i.e. how to estimate cell numbers, or the fraction of growing cells, and next methods to determine the presence of autocrine and paracrine growth effects. 

Three protocols used the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) technique ESR allows the observation of unpaired electrons, especially free radicals induced by irradiation, if they are stable during commercial storage of the food. This only occurs in the solid and dry components of the food, where the reactivity of the radicals with each other or with water is low. The first protocol (EN 1786) is relative to meat and fish bones (Fig. 3), the second one (EN 1787) to food containing cellulose such as berries, and the third one (EN 13708) to food containing crystallized sugars. 

Dilution protocols can affect the actual assay concentration. Even if the final target concentration and buffer composition are the same, different dilution procedures can generate different assay concentrations. Table 5 shows an example with the same final target concentration, but with different dilution protocols. In the first protocol, because of the high concentration of the first dilution, most compounds from the project will precipitate after the first dilution. The concentrations from the subsequent dilutions are quite variable, depending on whether any solid material is transferred. The actual concentration tends to be lower than the target concentration. In the second protocol, because of the low first dilution concentration, the compounds stay in solution after the first dilution and no precipitation is observed. The assay results are more accurate and consistent. The compound concentration and percent DMSO can be balanced to maximize solubility during dilution steps. 

The group of Masui first attempted the direct epoxidation of olefins by using oxygen and NHPI with metalloporphyrins, but they obtained poor results [15]. Ishii and coworkers proposed two different methods. In the first protocol [16,17], the epoxidizing agent is obtained in situ by the aerobic oxidation of a suitable alcoholic (benzhydrol) compound in the presence of catalytic amounts of NHPI. The resulting oxidant, which is not able to promote the epoxidation by itself, is then activated in the presence of an olefin by catalytic amounts of hexafluoroacetone (HFA) (Scheme 6.1). 

Having established the positive effect of the presence of water, let us examine which protocols are to be adopted and which are deleterious in terms of catalytic activity and overall stereocontrol.The first protocols reported in DMSO did not focus on the presence of water but it is likely that the required trace amount was present as contaminant of the solvent used. The procedure to avoid is a homogeneous reaction in water as solvent using water-soluble carbonyl compounds in this case reactions likely proceed under general base catalysis mechanisms, resulting in very poor conversions and lack of enantio-control. Thus, two useful approaches for reactions in water are available in the... 

Freeman et al. (1993) tested jet fuel A in the C3H mouse skin-painting model, using two treatment protocols. In the first protocol, jet fuel A was applied neat twice a week to the skin of C3H mice for 2 yr. In the second... 

Spurred by more developed research findings and continued negative environmental and human health effects, UNECE member states adopted the first protocol in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland. This updated document acknowledges the effect of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants on air quality, but continues to focus on sulfur emissions. Great attention had been... 

The use of dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) as a reagent for the colorimetric determination of flavanols was first described by Thies and Fischer [146]. The first protocol was developed by Me Murrough and Me Dowell [147] for purified extracts of barley and hops (Humulus lupulus). The reaction scheme is the same as for the vanillin reaction. The reactivity of proanthocyanidins essentially again resides in the 5,7-hydroxylation of the aromatic A-ring, a single bond between C2 and C3 and the lack of a... 

Although both Iraq and Syria are Parties to the 1954 Convention and the First Protocol, neither are Parties to the Second Protocol. 

O Keefe P (2004) The first protocol to the Hague Convention fifty years on Art, Antiquity and Law9(2) 99-116... 

The Protocols follow. They are twenty-four in all—some eighty pages in book form. What I am about to set forth, then, explains the speaker at the beginning of the first Protocol, is our system from the two points of view, that of ourselves and that of the goyim. Much about the system set forth is incoherent, but the Protocols elaborate three main themes a bitter attack on liberalism, the political methods of the Jewish world conspiracy and an outline of the world government the Elders expect soon to install... 

The first protocol is the classical procedure to visualize nascent replicating DNA by fluorescence microscopy. This method can be combined with other immunolabeling methods, although it should be kept in mind that the rather harsh DNA denaturation conditions may interfere with other labeling procedures. The protocol has the advantage that replicating DNA can be pulse-chase labeled, because incorporation of halo-dU nucleotides takes place in vivo and BrdU is rather nontoxic (however, see Stone and Stephens, 1993). 

A race on the generation of stem cell-derived renal cells started in 2013. In January 2013 a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSC or hESC into IM was published (Mae et al., 2013). Odd-skipped related (OSR)l was used as the main IM marker, and up to 90% OSRO cells were obtained. More differentiated renal cell types were only obtained at low frequency, which was not sufficient for use of these cells in any application, including in vitro toxicology (Mae et al., 2013). However, briefly afterward the first protocol for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) into mature renal cells was published (Narayanan et al., 2013). This protocol was based on hESC, and the differentiated hESC-derived cells exhibited many features of HPTC and were therefore called HPTC-like cells. The hESC-derived HPTC-like cells were then directly used for the development of the first stem cell-based renal in vitro model for the prediction of DIN (Li et al., 2014). (This in vitro model will be described in more detail in the following.) Later in 2013 the race on the generation of stem cell-derived renal cells continued and various alternative protocols were developed (Lam et al., 2014 Xia et al., 2013 Kang and Han, 2014 Taguchi et al., 2014 Takasato et al., 2014) (Fig. 23.1). 

The first protocol i.s to incubate the cells in media of differing K content and to assess the effect of valinomycin addition (Ffgure 3(t)). The value of the K null point is obtained by interpolation. This procedure works best with cells tltat have rather low K permeability cells more permeable to depolarize in high K media and the subsequent addition of valinomycin has little effect. 

The supporting electrolyte used is identical to that in the first protocol. The redox couples used for electrochemical characterization are 2 mM hexamineruthenium (HI) chloride (Strem Chem., Newburyport, MA) and 0.1 mM Tl(l) nitrate (Aldrich). All solutions are prepared using Milli-Q (Millipore Corp.) reagent water and degassed with Ar for 30 min prior to all experiments. 

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