Particles carcinogenicity

Criteria air pollutants Excluding carcinogenic particles and VOC s (included under luizardous/ toxic air pollutants) ranked low because reittainiitg criteria pollutaitts Itave not been shown to be carcinogens. 

Organic compormds constitirte abont 25-30 percent of the fine aerosol mass (the mass contained in particles smaller than 2.5 pm diameter) in trrban areas. They are of considerable interest becanse some of them, such as PAHs, are either suspected carcinogens or known mutagens. Still, little headway has been made... 

Stanton, M.F., Layard, M., Tegeris, A., Miller, E., May, M., Morgan, E. and Smith, A. (1981). Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 67, 965-975. 

The NO + 03 chemiluminescent reaction [Reactions (1-3)] is utilized in two commercially available GC detectors, the TEA detector, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation (Saddle Brook, NJ), and two nitrogen-selective detectors, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation and Antek Instruments, respectively. The TEA detector provides a highly sensitive and selective means of analyzing samples for A-nitrosamines, many of which are known carcinogens. These compounds can be found in such diverse matrices as foods, cosmetics, tobacco products, and environmental samples of soil and water. The TEA detector can also be used to quantify nitroaromatics. This class of compounds includes many explosives and various reactive intermediates used in the chemical industry [121]. Several nitroaromatics are known carcinogens, and are found as environmental contaminants. They have been repeatedly identified in organic aerosol particles, formed from the reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with atmospheric nitric acid at the particle surface [122-124], The TEA detector is extremely selective, which aids analyses in complex matrices, but also severely limits the number of potential applications for the detector [125-127],... 

This is an area of strong continental climate with dry and hot summer and severe winter with strong winds that transport dust at short and long distance, for instance yellow sand phenomenon in northwest China. During air transport these soil particles absorb numerous pollutants-carcinogens, like benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Co, Zn, Pb, As) both from industrial emissions into the atmosphere and waste landfill sites. 

Singh, J., Pritchard, D. E., Carlisle, D. L., McClean, J. A., Montaser, A., Orenstein, J. M. and Patierno, S. R. (1999). Internalization of carcinogenic lead chromate particles by cultured normal human lung epithelial cells formation of intracellular lead-inclusion bodies and induction of apoptosis, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 161, 240-248. 

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are known health hazards that emit energetic waves and/or particles that can cause both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Radionuclides pose unique threats to source water supplies and chemical processing, storage, or distribution systems because radiation emitted from radionuclides in chemical or industrial waste systems can affect individuals through several pathways by direct contact with, ingestion or inhalation of, or external exposure to, the contaminated waste stream. While radiation can occur naturally in some cases due to the decay of some minerals, intentional and nonintentional releases of... 

Separation of amines was realized in an ODS column (250 x 3 mm i.d. particle size 5 /tm) at 30°C. The flow rate was 0.3 ml/min and amines were detected at 280 nm. Solvents A and B for gradient elution were ACN and 3 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 7). The gradient started with 15 per cent A for 2 min then to 60 per cent A in 50 min. Chromatograms illustrating the separation of amines are shown in Fig. 3.72. It was established that the recoveries of both SFE and MAE were higher than those of traditional solvent extraction, therefore, their application for the analysis of carcinogenic aromatic amines in leather is highly advocated [140],... 

Although various restrictions have been placed on carbon particulate emissions from different types of power plants, these particles can play a beneficial, as well as a detrimental, role in the overall plant process. The detrimental effects are well known. The presence of particulates in gas turbines can severely affect the lifetime of the blades soot particulates in diesel engines absorb carcinogenic materials, thereby posing a health hazard. It... 

Particular attention has been focused on the toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons because these chemicals have proven highly carcinogenic to humans and marine life. Of greatest concern are the PAHs, which are toxic to the benthos at the ppb level. The most common compounds are shown in Figure 28.20 their structures are based on fused aromatic rings. These high-molecular-weight compoimds are very nonpolar and, hence, have low solubilities. Once in seawater, they tend to adsorb onto particles and become incorporated in the sediments. The toxicity of PAHs is enhanced by photochemical reaction with UV radiation. Photo-activated toxicity is especially problematic in shallow-water sediments, such as found in estuaries. 

The elemental metallic form of beryllium is highly toxic, as are most of its compounds. When inhaled, the fumes, dust, or particles of berylhum are highly carcinogenic. Some beryllium compounds are toxic when they penetrate cuts in the skin (e.g., when an old fluorescent tube breaks). Beryllium oxide when inhaled can result in a fatal disease known as berylliosis (similar to, but more toxic than, sihcosis). 

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