Hazards analysis time required

The effort and time that is required for a process hazard analysis for these examples should not be an issue. A thorough management of change system will call for the change coordinator to make a decision as to what type of review is appropriate for the change. 

Designs should be based on knowledge of what the human body (and human nature) will do. Include educated operators in design reviews. The HAZOP methodology for process hazard analysis offers an excellent opportunity to identify design and procedural opportunities for inherently safer systems. After all, the OP in HAZOP stands for operability (COPS, 1992). For example, a safe start-up procedure that requires the operator to walk up and down the stairs three times to manipulate valves in the correct sequence can be made inherently safer by locating the valves so that operator has to walk up the stairs only once during the start-up. 

The contractor at Site H had established area and personnel sampling consistent with HAZWOPER requirements. A photo ionization detector (PID) and a real-time aerosol monitor (RAM) were used on a daily basis to screen for potentially hazardous levels of contaminants. On a weekly basis, personal air samples were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. PPE requirements, however, were often not based on this data because the oversight agency had established inflexible minimum PPE requirements. The audit team found many of the PPE requirements on Site H to be excessive in light of site monitoring data and hazard determinations. 

The employer establishes a system to promptly address the team s results, timely resolve recommendations, schedule completion, and communicate the activities to affected personnel, livery five years after the completion of the initial process hazard analysis, it is equivalently updated and revalidated. Employers retain the required process hazards analyses for the life of the nmei-v -.. 

The primary limitation of a HAZOP study is the length of time required to perform it. Because the study is designed to provide a complete analysis, study sessions can be intensive and lii ing. HAZOP studies typically do not look at occupational hazards (e.g., electrical equipment, rotating equipment, hot surfaces) or chronic hazards (e.g., chronic chemical exposure, noise, heat stress). For experience with HAZOP see Swann (1995). 

As discussed in Chapter 2, most of the basic resources you will need are fairiy self-evident time of staff will almost certainly be the latgest single cost. Support expenses and travel also require funding. In addition, in the course of yourwork to date you may have identified specific resource requirements, such as computer software for hazard analysis or project management, or consulting services that fill in specific gaps in the knowledge base. 

The posttrial bum period is the time for U.S. EPA to evaluate all of the data that were recorded during the incinerator s trial burn. To allow the operation of a hazardous waste incinerator following the completion of the trial bum, U.S. EPA establishes permit conditions sufficient to ensure that the unit will meet the incinerator performance standards. This posttrial burn period is limited to the minimum time required to complete the sampling, analysis, data computation of trial bum results, and the submission of these results to U.S. EPA. 

Widening interest in the quaHty of the environment has led to increased demand for information on a wide range of trace-metal contents of foodstuffs. Trace metals in foodstuffs are normally determined by spectroscopic techniques after complete destruction of the organic matrix. Destruction is achieved either by wet oxidation or by dry ashing additional treatment is normally required in order to obtain the metals of interest in a form suitable for analysis. Both methods of destruction are time consuming and tedious this is particularly true of the wet-oxidation procedure, which has the additional disadvantage of being potentially hazardous the methods require considerable analytical skill and experience. Both methods are prone to produce erroneous results either by the loss of an element of interest or by adventitious contamination from the component parts... 

There has been sustained interest in the development of analytical methods for realtime monitoring of environmental pollutants in recent years. Semi-volatile organic compounds tend to be adsorbed onto the surface of aerosol particles of respirable sizes and pose potential health hazards. Conventional methods used for the analysis of organic compounds that are present on the surface of aerosol particles are based on particle collection followed by extraction and chromatographic analysis of extracted species [90,91]. These methods require large amounts of sample and long analysis times. 

The fact that these screens may be performed in-house further exhibits the responsibility of the process supervisor for hazard analysis. These tests reduce large sample requirements, expense, and long analysis time which can be impediments to obtaining hazard information. 

Hazard analysis for a process normally involves a battery of tests including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC). Optimization and scale-up also require extensive experimental work in reactors of different sizes with different temperatures, compositions, etc. Time commitment and difficulty in interpreting the results will depend on the complexity of the process. Under most circumstances, a modeling approach is cost-effective (1 ). The importance of modeling will actually increase with the increasing complexity of the process. 

If it is decided that a full hazards analysis is not required for the revalidation, then what can be called a hazards analysis-by-exception is required. Such an approach evaluates the full hazards analysis that was performed originally, then checks out the impact of changes that have been made since that time. 

The regulation requires that new facilities conduct a process hazards analysis (PHA). The PSSR team should check that the PHA was, in fact, carried out, and that its recommendations were either resolved or implemented. During the pressure of construction, there is sometimes a tendency to postpone some of the PHA recommendations until there is sufficient time. The PSSR should check that the recommendations have, in fact, been closed out properly. 

Safety professionals should be aware that more recently issued safety standards and guidelines require hazard analysis and risk assessment. Adoption of safety through design concepts is slow-moving, but certain. In time, many more safety professionals will need to become skilled in making hazards analyses and risk assessments. That spells career opportunity. 

The process hazards analysis for this vessel stated that either high temperature or high pressure is an indication of a potential runaway reaction that may result in an explosion. The safety requirements specification states that the SIF shall be SIL 2 and a nuisance or spurious trip should be better than one in every five years. The process will be operated for mission time of ten years after which a major overhaul and rebuild will take place. 

Many governments and other regulatory bodies now require some form of hazard analysis either before a new plant is built or as part of the ongoing requirements for operating permits. The system used in the United States is typical and has been adopted in other areas. This is OSHA s PSM rule, which formed the basis for Section 16.4.2.2. At the time of design, engineers would do well to adopt some of these methods as well as to be alert for opportunities to improve the inherent safety of the plant (Section 16.4.2.1). 

To analyze cocoa samples by HPLC, in addition to the long analysis time reported for the analysis of procyanidins with a higher degree of polymerization, when the normal-phase mode was used, the monomers catechin and epicatechin were not resolved. In addition, the use of the unmodified silica column in this normal-phase mode requires the use of toxic chlorinated solvents that are considered an ecological hazard [53]. 

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