Hazard assessment carcinogenicity

On the basis of these differences in species response it was concluded that phthalates do not pose a significant health hazard to humans. This view is home out by the EU Commission decision of July 25, 1990 which states that DEHP shall not be classified or labeled as a carcinogenic or an irritant substance (42). This has been reaffirmed in a comprehensive review (43) which concludes that "peroxisome proliferators constitute a discrete class of nongenotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogens and that the relevance of thek hepatocarcinogenic effects for human hazard assessment is considered to be negligible."... 

Elcombe CR. 1985. Species differences in carcinogenicity and peroxisome proliferation due to trichloroethylene A biochemical human hazard assessment. Arch Toxicol Suppl 8 6-17. 

The potential for a compound to induce carcinogenicity is a crucial consideration when establishing hazard and risk assessment of chemicals and pharmaceuticals in humans [53]. To date, the standard approach to assess carcinogenicity at a regulatory level is the 2-year bioassay in rodents. According to the recent REACH... 

Ideally, a full data set should be available for the hazard assessment of a chemical substance, including animal tests to evaluate the toxicokinetics and the following toxicological properties acute toxicity, irritation, sensitization, toxicity following repeated exposure to the substance, mutagenicity and genotoxicify, carcinogenicity, and effects on fertility and fetal development. 

Santodonato J, Bosch S, Meylan W, et al Final Report. Monograph on the Potential Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Turpentine. Report No. SRC-TR-84-1123, pp 1-28, Syracuse, NY, Center for Chemical Hazard Assessment, Syracuse Research Corporation, 1985... 

Clearly, a sound evaluation of the total mutagenic/carcinogenic potencies of a complex mixture of POM emissions (e.g., diesel exhaust) should include not only the PEFs of the primary particle- and vapor-phase PAHs and PACs but also those of the mutagens formed in atmospheric reactions of precursor PAHs (see, for example, Arey et al. (1992), Lewtas (1993b), Atkinson and Arey (1994), Nielsen et al. (1996), Arey (1998a), and Section F). For examples of such formal scientific health risk assessments prepared by the State of California Air Resources Board and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, see Benzo[ ]pyrene as a Toxic Air Contaminant (CARB, 1994) and Identification of Diesel Exhaust as a Toxic Air Contaminant (CARB, 1998). 

Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards Chemical Carcinogens Organic Peroxides... 

Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V (2012) Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment Crit Rev Toxicol 42 91-106... 

The first section of this chapter provides a discussion of hazard assessment, classification of potentially dangerous substances, and the process of risk assessment. A summary of the mandatory and voluntary initiatives for regulating chemicals and biocides in the United States and Europe is also included together with information on the regulatory aspects of hazard communication. The second section deals with the scientific aspects of hazard identification and risk assessment of carcinogenic chemicals within the regulatory context. 

OEHHA (2008). Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels No significant risk levels for carcinogens and maximum allowable dose levels for chemicals causing reproductive toxicity. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA. Accessed at http //www.oehha.ca.gOv/prop65/pdf/Feb2008StatusReport.pdf. 

Teeguarden, J. G., Dragan, Y, and Pitot, H. C. (2000). Hazard assessment of chemical carcinogens The impact of hormesis. J Appl Toxicol 20, 113-120. 

This on-line system provides information about the effects of chemicals on human health, including dose assessments, carcinogenic effects, and other health hazard data. 

Furthermore, because of the long latent period of 20-30 years between initial exposure and the appearance of chemically induced cancers, and the even greater period of time it may take before the accumulation of recessive germline mutations become evident, an epidemiologic approach is impractical for assessing carcinogenic or mutagenic hazards associated with a newly synthesized chemical. 

The preliminary benzopyrene experiments described in this paper have important implications in assessing carcinogenic hazards associated with human exposure to metal carcinogens. If smokers (benzopyrene is found in cigarette smoke as well as other inducers of microsomal enzymes) are exposed to metal carcinogens, the relative risks of contracting neoplasms of the respiratory systems are greater in these individuals than in those who do not smoke. 

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