Hashimoto disease

There are many forms of hypothyroidism, differing in their cause and age of onset (see Table 31-1). Severe adult hypothyroidism (myxedema) may occur idio-pathically or may be caused by specific factors such as autoimmune lymphocytic destruction (Hashimoto disease). In the child, thyroid function may be congenitally impaired, and cretinism will result if this condition is untreated. Hypothyroidism may result at any age if the dietary intake of iodine is extremely low. Several other forms of hypothyroidism that have a genetic or familial basis also exist.54... 

A structural study on lipid A and the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopoly-saccharide from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides vulgatus from a patient with Crohn s disease was conducted by Hashimoto and coworkers [39]. They separated two potent virulence factors, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from a clinical isolate of B. vulgatus and characterized the structure of CPS. Next, they elucidated the strucmres of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) and lipid A in the LPS. LPS was subjected to weak acid hydrolysis to produce the lipid A fraction and polysaccharide fraction. Lipid A was isolated by PLC, and its structure was determined by MS and NMR. 

The vast majority of hypothyroid patients have thyroid gland failure (primary hypothyroidism). The causes include chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto s disease), iatrogenic hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency, enzyme defects, thyroid hypoplasia, and goitrogens. 

Hypothyroidism, a condition in which the circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones are too low, is the most prevalent thyroid disease. Primary hypothyroidism, the commonest form, is an autoimmune disease (Hashimoto s thyroiditis) often associated with goitre. Like other autoimmune diseases, it is more prevalent in women (4 per 1000) than in men (1 per 1000). Other causes include thyroidectomy, radioac tive ablation and, in some countries, iodine deficiency. Hypothyroidism can also be caused by several drugs, including lithium, interleukin-2 and interferon. Secondary hypothyroidism is a disease caused by decreased secretion of TSH by the pituitary. 

The thyroid gland also regulates its uptake of iodide and thyroid hormone synthesis by intrathyroidal mechanisms that are independent of TSH. These mechanisms are primarily related to the level of iodine in the blood. Large doses of iodine inhibit iodide organification (Wolff-Chaikoff block, see Figure 38-1). In certain disease states (eg, Hashimoto s thyroiditis), this can inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and result in hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism can result from the loss of the Wolff-Chaikoff block in susceptible individuals (eg, multinodular goiter). 

Watanabe U, Hashimoto E, Hisamitsu T, Obata H, Hayashi N. The risk factor for development of thyroid disease during interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1994 89(3) 399-403. 

Alzheimer disease Increased Decreased Beneficial (Hashimoto et al., 2005 Olivo and Hilakivi-Clarke, 2005 Cole et al., 2005 Puskas et al., 2003 Morris, 2006 Schaefer et al., 2006)... 

Hashimoto M., Hossain S., Shimada T., Sugioka K., Yamasaki H., Fujii Y., Ishibashi Y., Oka J. I., and Shido O. (2002). Docosahexaenoic acid provides protection from impairment of learning ability in Alzheimer s disease model rats. J. Neurochem. 81 1084-1091. 

Ye F, Foell D, Hirono KI, Vogl T, Rui C, Yu X, Watanabe S, Watanabe K, Uese K, Hashimoto I, Roth J, Ichida F, Miyawaki T. 2004. Neutrophil-derived S100A12 is profoundly upregulated in the early stage of acute Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol 94(6) 840-844. 

Wada, T., Shirakata, Y., Takahashi, H., Murakami, S., Iizuka, H., Suzuki, H., and Hashimoto, K., 2003, A Japanese case of segmental Darier s disease caused by mosaicism for the ATP2A2 mutation. Br J Dermatol, 149 185-8. 

Histologically, the disease is characterized by a loss of adhesion between suprabasal keratinocytes (acantholysis) and abnormal keratinisation (dyskeratosis) of the epidermis. In HHD, acantholysis is the most prominent histological feature while in the clinically related Darier disease (OMIM 124200), dyskeratosis is much more apparent. Ultrastructural analysis of acantholytic cells reveals perinuclear aggregates of keratin filaments that have retracted from desmosomes (Harada et al., 1994 Hashimoto et al., 1995 Metze et al., 1996). 

Harada, M., Hashimoto, K., and Fujiwara, K., 1994, Immunohistochemical distribution of CD44 and desmoplakin I II in Hailey-Hailey s disease and Darier s disease. J. Dermatol. 21, 389—393 Harper, C., Wootton, L., Michelangeli, F., Lefievre, L., Barratt, C., and Publicover, S., 2005, Secretory pathway ( a2 A l Pasc (SPCA1) Ca2+ pumps, not SERCAs, regulate complex [Ca2+]j signals in human spermatozoa. J. Cell Sci. 118, 1673—1685... 

Hashimoto, K., Fujiwara, K., Harada, M., Setoyama, M., and Eto, H., 1995, Junctional proteins of keratinocytes in Grover s disease, Hailey-Hailey s disease and Darier s disease. J. Dermatol. 22, 159-170... 

Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E. Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer s and Parkinson s diseases. Neuromolecular Med. 2003 4 21-36. 

Takahashi, H., Hirai, Y., Migita, M., Seino, Y., Fukuda, Y., Sakuraba, H., Kase, R., Kobayashi, T., Hashimoto, Y. and Shimada, T. (2002). Longterm systemic therapy of Fabry disease in a knockout mouse by adeno-associated virus-mediated muscle-directed gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13777-13782. 

Deciphering the Disease Process of Schizophrenia The Contribution of Cortical GABA Neurons David A. Lewis and Takanori Hashimoto... 

Niikura, T., Hashimoto, Y., Tajima, H., Ishizaka, M., Yamagishi, Y., Kawasumi, M., Nawa, M., Terashita, K., Aiso, S., Nishimoto, I. 2003. A tripartite motif protein TRIM 11 binds and destabilizes Humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer s disease-relevant insults. Fur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1150-1158. 

Primary hypothyroidism most commonly presents as an autoimmune disease (Hashimoto s disease) where the body produces antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. Possible causes are ... 

Masliah E, Rockenstein E, Veinbergs I, Sagara Y, Mallory M, Hashimoto M, Mucke L (2001) p-Amyloid peptides enhance a-synuclein accumulation and neuronal deficits in a transgenic mouse model linking Alzheimer s disease and Parkinson s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 12245-12250. 

Grave s disease (thyrotoxicosis) Hashimoto s thyroiditis Pernicious anaemia Addison s disease Diabetes Type 1 Goodpasture s syndrome Myasthenia gravis Multiple sclerosis ... 

Endocrine factors. Most autoimmune diseases occur with unequal frequency in males and females. For example. Graves and Hashimoto s are 4-5 times, and SLE 10 times, more common in females, while ankylosing spondylitis is 3-4 times more frequent in males. These differences are believed to be the result of hormonal influences. A second well-documented hormonal effect is the marked reduction in disease severity seen in many autoimmune conditions during pregnancy. Rheumatoid arthritis is perhaps the classic example of this effect. In some cases there is also a rapid exacerbation (rebound) after birth. 

Treatments for autoimmune disease have traditionally been immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory or palliative. Non-immunological therapies, such as hormone replacement in Hashimoto s thyroiditis, treat the outcomes of the autoaggressive response. Dietary manipulation limits the severity of coeliac disease. Steroidal or NSAID treatment limits the inflammatory symptoms of many diseases. 

Kitamura, N., Hashimoto, T., Nishino, N., and Tanaka, C., 1989, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding sites in the brain Regional distribution, characterization, and alterations in brains of patients with Parkinson s disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1 181-187. 

Walter J, Kaether C, Steiner H, Haass C (2001) The ceU biology of Alzheimer s disease uncovering the secrets of secretases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11 585-590 Wang C, Tan JM, Ho MW, Zaiden N, Wong SH, Chew CL, Eng PW, Lim TM, Dawson TM, Lim KL (2005) Alterations in the solubility and intracellular localization of parkin by several familial Parkinson s disease-hnked point mutations. J Neurochem 93 422-431 Waragai M, Wei J, Fujita M, Nakai M, Ho GJ, MasUah E, Akatsu H, Yamada T, Hashimoto M (2006) Increased level of DJ-1 in the cerebrospinal fluids of sporadic Parkinson s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345 967-972... 

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