Hardware task

We have also introduced the new concept of hardware-task" for the means of communication between active objects. A hardware task is defined as a process or request requiring the use of the functions of a corresponding active object. 

A stage is a typical active object. A stage is activated by receiving a hardware task, and its behavior requires plural machine cycles. Therefore, its behavior is defined in state-transition format. All actions in one state of each stage are performed simultaneously in the same cycle. A stage stays active until it terminates or transfers its task to another stage. 

With better hardware and software, more exact methods can be used for the representation of chemical structures and reactions. More and more quantum mechanical calculations can be utilized for chemoinformatics tasks. The representation of chemical structures will have to correspond more and more to our insight into theoretical chemistry, chemical bonding, and energetics. On the other hand, chemoinformatics methods should be used in theoretical chemistry. Why do we not yet have databases storing the results of quantum mechanical calculations. We are certain that the analysis of the results of quantum mechanical calculations by chemoinformatics methods could vastly increase our chemical insight and knowledge. 

Robotics The introduction of robotics has given a new dimension to packaging in that it is now possible to do repetitive tasks with speed and accuracy at notably lower cost than if done by people. The manufacture of robots is well established with corporations of substantial resources providing a quality product with continuity of service, supply, and software support. There is also a specialty industry which is available to supply both accessory hardware and software which are custom designed to handle specific user situations. Economic analysis needs to be done before making the decision as to whether to automate using robots, fixed automation, or the labor of people aided by work aids. 

Manufacturing properties such as tack and out-time are important to the cost-effective manufacture of bonded hardware. The tack of an adhesive, or its propensity to stick to itself or other materials, can have a large effect on the cost of bonding. Layup of bonded assemblies is a labor-intensive task full of intricate... 

Procedures Do Not Correspond to the Way the Job Is Actually Done. Procedures are often developed when a system is first commissioned and are seldom revised to take into account changes in the hardware or the operating regime. In addition, procedures are often not written on the basis of a systematic analysis of the task as perceived by the workers or other personnel who have to use them. The remedy for this is to make sure that individuals who are going to use procedures are actively involved in their development. In addition, effective updating and auditing systems need to be in place to ensure that procedures are correct, and available to the persons who need them. 

The decomposition approach is used, it is necessary to represent the way in which the various task elements and other possible failures are combined to give the failure probability of the task as a whole. Generally, the most common form of representation is the event tree (see Section 5.7). This is the basis for THERP, which will be described in the next section. Fault trees are only used when discrete human error probabilities are combined with hardware failure probabiliHes in applications such as CPQRA (see Figure 5.2). 

PROBLEM DEFINITION. This is achieved through plant visits and discussions with risk analysts. In the usual application of THERP, the scenarios of interest are defined by the hardware orientated risk analyst, who would specify critical tasks (such as performing emergency actions) in scenarios such as major fires or gas releases. Thus, the analysis is usually driven by the needs of the hardware assessment to consider specific human errors in predefined, potentially high-risk scenarios. This is in contrast to the qualitative error prediction methodology described in Section 5.5, where all interactions by the operator with critical systems are considered from the point of view of their risk potential. 

The rapid increase in computer applications is partly attributable to both the decreasing costs of hardware and software and to the increasing costs of human labor. This shift has given rise to a productivity factor assigned to various tasks performed by computers versus people. One figure recently quoted was a minimum factor of 4 to 5 for CAD (computer aided design), that is, one draftsman with a CAD system can replace 4 to 5 manual draftsmen. 

Products in Group 3 seem to us to represent the future of practical batch process control. In such systems, modern workstations perform the single-user functions (e.g control system design, set-up, and maintenance operator interface data collection historical reporting) for which they were designed, while powerful multitasking controllers perform actual control. As computer hardware and software standards continue to evolve toward distributed networks of processors optimized for specific kinds of tasks, such systems will, we feel, proliferate rapidly. 

These systems must be designed so as to accommodate continual change. They should easily accommodate frequent changes in formulations and reactor hardware. They must be able to control complex operations involving simultaneous tasks. Contrasting with these requirements, the software must be easily maintained, operate reliably, and be easy to use by laboratory personnel. 

So the function of special optical fibres for sensing is to produce a sensitive response to changes in the fibre surroundings. Such requirements on optical hardware as durability to the analyte, transparency (i.e. minimum optical losses) in a wide spectral range and common availability should be pointed out. Related to the these requirements, the choice of the fibre material as well as of the fibre coating and fibre structure belong to fundamental tasks in the design of fibre-optic sensors. 

A human error or reliability analysis (HRA) can be performed to identify points that may contribute to an accidental loss. Human errors may occur in all facets of a the hydrocarbon industry. They are generally related to the complexity of the equipment, human-equipment interfaces, hardware for emergency actions, and procedures for operations, testing and training. The probabilities of certain types of errors occurring are normally predicted as indicated in Table 29. Individual tasks can be analyzed to determine the probability of an error occurring. From these probabilities, consequences can be identified which detemline the risk of a particular error. 

If there are external components—software or hardware—that define objects you need to use, spin off a task to evaluate whether to use these objects exactly as defined or whether to build a layer that offers a model closer and more natural to the one you would like to use internally in your development. If a core component defines widely shared and widely used objects, you may need to design a generic architectural scheme for extensible object data and behaviors. 

But applications usually need a different type of computing environment. The reasoning task, accomplished by AI techniques, often constitutes ten percent or less of the code of an application. The majority of the code is for conventional programming tasks, such as data acquisition, data base access, numerical calculations, and graphics. In each application domain, computer hardware and software has been selected to match the needs of its tasks. In... 

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