Hallucinations drugs causing

Atropine like drugs cause several side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, mental confusion, hallucinations etc. 

Chapter 1 examined three risperidone studies that confirm the braindisabling principles of psychiatric treatment by demonstrating that the drug causes a metabolic suppression in the frontal and temporal lobes (deactivation) that occurs in both normal persons and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and that this disabling effect correlates with a reduction in the expression of symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, that require a fully functioning brain. As previously noted, if measured, the effect would also correlate with an overall reduction in spontaneous mental activity and verbal expressions, which are common clinical phenomena in patients who experience psychomotor retardation in response to neuroleptics. 

MDMA causes a feeling of clarity or sharpness, tingling, pleasure, and a feeling of disassociation. It can result in dehydration, seizures, hyperthermia, tachycardia, and renal impairment. LSD is also a hallucinogen but does not have an amphetamine component. The drug causes visual hallucinations. Emotions can be labile and paranoia can occur. Increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure can occur. Some people experience flash-backs. 

Delta Dysphoria, psychotomimetic effects (eg, hallucinations), respiratory and vasomotor stimulations caused by drugs with antagonist activity... 

Phencyclidine (l-[l-phenylcyclohexyl] piperidine, PCP) was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. Used for this indication, it causes a trance-like state without loss of consciousness and was hence classified as a dissociative anesthetic. However, it was soon withdrawn from human use because it produced unpleasant hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. The product was later used in veterinary medicine. Ketamine, a chemically closely related substance, was developed to replace PCP and is stiU in use as a dissociative anesthetic in children. Ketamine is less potent than PCP, and its effects are of shorter duration. However, it may also cause hallucinations (see the section on ketamine in Chapter 7, Club Drugs ). Much of the ketamine sold on the street (special K, cat Valium) has been diverted from veterinarians offices. 

Large or quickly repeating doses over a period of hours can led to extreme anxiety, paranoia and even hallucinations. These effects usually disappear as the drug is eliminated from the body. The after-effects of cocaine and crack use may include fatigue and depression as people come down from the high. Excessive doses can cause death from respiratory or heart failure but this is rare. 

Side effects include dyskinesias, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, sleep attacks, pathologic gambling, discoloration of urine/sweat, and psychiatric effects (confusion, hallucinations, nightmares, and altered behavior). Dyskinesias caused by adding other PD drugs to levodopa may be improved by decreasing the levodopa dose. Motor complications occur in about 40% of patients within 4 to 6 years of starting levodopa.1,8,24,25,37... 

The side effects of amphetamine are related to its stimulant effects, especially at high doses and with long-term use. Side effects include irritability, insomnia, confusion, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, and aggressiveness. Amphetamines cause irreversible destruction of blood vessels in the brain, which can cause stroke—even in young people. These drugs also cause the potentially lethal side effects of increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure. 

Memantine is approved for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer s disease. It is an antagonist at glutamatergic NMDA-receptors. Memantine is well tolerated and has a small beneficial effect at six months in moderate to severe AD (McShane et al. 2006). For patients with dementia one has to be careful wit all kind of medications that may affect the central nervous system. Delirium and hallucinations are common adverse effects in patients with dementia. Agitation may be due to delirium and external causes should be ruled out before adding another psychoactive drug. Sleep disturbance is common in demented elderly patients. Sleep deprivation may in a patient with dementia induce delirium. Nonpharmacological treatment for delirium or hallucinations should be considered first. 

On the other hand, the effects of two medications can counteract one another. The result is usually that both medications are rendered less effective. A common example is the patient with Parkinson s disease. On occasion, the L-DOPA that is the mainstay of treatment causes hallucinations. The treatment for hallucinations is an antipsychotic, which blocks the activity of dopamine. The problem is that using a typical antipsychotic to treat L-DOPA-induced hallucinations will interfere with the therapeutic effect of the L-DOPA, thereby worsening the symptoms of the Parkinson s disease. Fortunately, the advent of the newer atypical antipsychotics has provided a remedy to this particular Catch-22 drug interaction dilemma. 

Cocaine readily penetrates mucous membranes and is an effective topical local anaesthetic that demonstrates intensive vasoconstrictor action. It has stimulant effects on the central nervous system and is a drug of addiction. It causes agitation, dilated pupils, tachycardia, hypertension, hallucinations, hyperthermia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia and cardiac effects. 

This drug has the same potency as morphine, but it is not addictive, as it is a narcotic antagonist. It is used successfully as an antidote for narcotic overdose and for the relief of severe pain. At doses of over 10 mg it is hallucinogenic (much like MDA) and can cause restlessness, excitability and hallucinations. 

Antipsychotics are drugs that have a specific sedative effect, and which improve the attitude and calm the behavior of psychotic patients. They do not cause dependence, and have been proposed for treating psychotic disorders (elimination of psychotic symptomatology— delirium, hallucinations) and schizophrenic patients. Drugs of this group are also frequently referred to as neuroleptics. The term major tranquilizer was used previously to distinguish them from minor tranquilizers/anxiolytics. 

As drugs of mixed action, amphetamines activate adrenergic receptors and simultaneously release endogenic catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) from neurons of the brain and periphery. Sympathomimetic effects on the periphery are very similar to those of ephedrine. Amphetamine elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure and has weakly expressed, broncholytic action. These effects are more prolonged, yet less expressed, than with epinephrine. The distinctive feature of amphetamines is their psychostimulatory activity. Larger doses can cause hallucinations and mental conditions similar to paranoid schizophrenia. As a sympathomimetic, amphetamine is sometimes used for uterine inertia. Synonyms of amphetamine are phenamine and benzedrine. 

CNS CNS effects including convulsions, increased intracranial pressure, and toxic psychosis have been reported with nalidixic acid therapy. Convulsive seizures have been reported with other drugs in this class. Quinolones also may cause CNS stimulation, which may lead to confusion, hallucinations, light-headedness, restlessness, and tremor. Therefore, use nalidixic acid with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (eg, cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) or other factors that predispose to seizures. If these reactions occur in patients receiving... 

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