Arteriosclerosis, cerebral

Cerebral arteriosclerosi Cerebral metabolism Cerebrocuprein Cerebrospinal fluid... 

Tian, J., Shi, J., Bailey, K., Lendon, C.L., Pickering-Brown, S.M., Mann, D.M.A. (2004) Association between apolipoprotein E E4 allele and arteriosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and cerebral white matter damage in Alzheimer s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 75, 696-699. 

The determination of cholesterol is important for the diagnosis and prevention of a number of clinical disorders such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, cerebral thrombosis and coronary heart disease. As the majority of cholesterol in human blood is present in an esterified form, a separate saponification step is required to obtain a total cholesterol analysis early methods for this involved caustic and toxic reagents, long analysis times and a relatively large sample volume. Free cholesterol can be determined chromatographically, although this requires cumbersome and expensive laboratory-based equipment. Modern methods use the enzyme cholesterol esterase to release esterified cholesterol which is then oxidised by a second enzyme, cholesterol oxidase (ChOx, Fig. 23.3) [48]. 

Cholesterol and its fatty acid esters are important components of nerve and brain cells and are precnrsors of the biological materials snch as bile acids and steroid hormones. Accumulation of cholesterol in blood leads to fatal diseases such as arteriosclerosis, cerebral thrombosis and coronary diseases. Kajiya and co-workers immobilised cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and ferrocene carboxylate in PPy electrochemically to describe the sensitivity of the resulting films [188]. The response was proportional to the cholesterol concentration up to 0.05 mM. It has been demonstrated that ferrocene attached to polymer chains can mediate electron transfer from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to a conventional electrode surface [189]. In the case of immobilised HRP and ChOx the sensor yields 0.35 i,A to 10 mM of cholesterol whereas 3 pA was obtained in the case of free ChOx. It was therefore suggested that the sensor response is limited by the interfacial transport or reaction rate of H2O2. The sensor response was also found to be independent of the applied potential between -100 and 100 mV. 

Among the examples of monoindole bases being discussed, vincamine (109) is the principal alkaloid of Vinca minorC. and has received some notoriety because it apparently causes some improvement in the abiUties of sufferers of cerebral arteriosclerosis (78). It is beheved that this is the result of increasing cerebral blood flow with the accompanying increase in oxygenation of tissue as a result of its action as a vasodilator. 

Vincamine (91) is the major alkaloid of V. minor, a plant used against headache and vertigo. It exerts a sedative CNS action and produces a fall in blood pressure. The principal activity is a moderate cerebral vasodilation. Clinical studies have demonstrated that i.v. administration of 91 to humans reduces the arterial blood pressure and increases cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption. The improved cerebral hemodynamic conditions significantly and positively affect the state of patients with advanced arteriosclerosis with beneficial effects on memory, concentration, and behavior. It has thereafter been introduced under several trade names as a pharmaceutical in many European countries (232). Vobasine (32) has been widely studied it exhibits a weak CNS depressive, analgesic, and antipyretic action (21). 

Senile dementia is another type of mental disease for which physical and chemical causes, aside from aging itself, are known. Cerebral arteriosclerosis is a every common accompaniment, and this is known to decrease the cerebral blood flow and the total metabolism of the brain. 11 This itself is enough to account for the deranged metabolism and the accompanying deranged mental functions. 

Acute abdominal conditions Narcotics may obscure diagnosis or clinical course. Do not give SR morphine to patients with Gl obstruction, particularly paralytic ileus, as there is a risk of the product remaining in the stomach for an extended period and the subsequent release of a bolus of morphine when normal gut motility is restored. Special risk patients Exercise caution in elderly and debilitated patients and in those suffering from conditions accompanied by hypoxia or hypercapnia when even moderate therapeutic doses may dangerously decrease pulmonary ventilation. Also exercise caution in patients sensitive to CNS depressants, including those with cardiovascular disease myxedema convulsive disorders increased ocular pressure acute alcoholism delirium tremens cerebral arteriosclerosis ulcerative... 

CNS CNS effects including convulsions, increased intracranial pressure, and toxic psychosis have been reported with nalidixic acid therapy. Convulsive seizures have been reported with other drugs in this class. Quinolones also may cause CNS stimulation, which may lead to confusion, hallucinations, light-headedness, restlessness, and tremor. Therefore, use nalidixic acid with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (eg, cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) or other factors that predispose to seizures. If these reactions occur in patients receiving... 

Renal function impairment WnWe caution should be used in patients with severe renal failure, therapeutic concentrations of nalidixic acid in the urine, without increased toxicity caused by drug accumulation in the blood, have been observed in patients on full dosage with creatinine clearances (Ccr) as low as 2 to 8 mL/min. Special risk Use nalidixic acid with caution in patients with epilepsy, liver disease, or severe cerebral arteriosclerosis. 

Special risk Use with caution in the presence or history of the following Hypertension diabetes hyperthyroidism heart disease cerebral arteriosclerosis bronchial asthma. 

Contraindications Renal impairment coronary or cerebral arteriosclerosis concurrent use with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors including sildenafil (>25 mg), tadalafil, or vardenafil hypersensitivity to phentolamine or related compounds. 

The effects of chronic hypertension on the human organism are, with one exception, of little interest to the investigator studying pathogenesis, although of great import to the sufferer and his physician. That exception is failure of the kidneys. Disease and failure of the heart are probably caused by chronic overstrain, often associated with another metabolic disease, arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries. They account for about two thirds of the deaths primarily due to hypertension. Strokes of apoplexy, or cerebral vascular accidents, from rupture or thrombosis of a cerebral artery weakened by disease cause another sixth, uremia about one twelfth, and other conditions the remainder (28). Except for uremia, these events are usually the result of overwork and increased arterial tension. Only rarely does the heart escape hypertrophy. 

L. Pantoni, C. Sarti, and D. Inzitari, Cytokines and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Cerebral Ischemia.Experimental Bases and Therapeutic Perspectives, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 18 (1998) 503-513. 

It is additionally known that cerebral apoplexy is a result of a sudden circulatory disorder of a human brain area with subsequent functional losses, with corresponding neurological and/or psychological symptoms. The causes of cerebral apoplexy can lie in cerebral haemorrhages (e.g. after a vascular tear in hypertension, arteriosclerosis and apoplectic aneurysms) and ischaemias (e.g. due to a blood pressure drop crisis or embolism). 

Cardiac dysrhythmias, cerebral arteriosclerosis, pregnancy, narrow-angle glaucoma, cardiogenic shock Use with caution in hypertension, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus... 

Because it appears that one common mechanism of the cerebral, cardiovascular, and hepatic effects may be an acceleration of the arteriosclerotic process (see Section 2.4), individuals at risk for arteriosclerosis or those with early arteriosclerosis would probably be at increased risk for health effects following exposure to carbon disulfide (NIOSH 1978). The mechanism for carbon disulfide acceleration of arteriosclerotic plaque formation involves direct injury to the vessel endothelium and changes in lipid metabolism. 

Indications Liver/kidney yin deficiency, liver yang ascendancy, qi and blood counterflow and chaos. Wind stroke, convulsions, epilepsy, cerebrovascular accident, aphasia, apraxia, renal hypertension, essential hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic heart disease, hyperthyroidism, premenstrual tension, postpartum fever with spasms and convulsions, and glaucoma... 

For cerebral arteriosclerosis, add Concha Haliotidis (Shi Jue Ming), Rhizoma Atractylodis (Cang Zhu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Chen Pi), Semen Pruni Persicae (Tao Ren), and Herba Agastachis Seu Pogostemi (Huo Xiang). 

Methylphenidate is indicated for the treatment of children with ADHD (5 to 10 mg p.o. daily) and for adults with narcolepsy (10 mg p.o. t.i.d.). Methylphenidate, a CNS stimulant and an analeptic, releases norepinephrine and hence stimulates the reticular activating system and the cerebral cortex. Its actions resemble those produced by amphetamine. Similar to other sympathomimetic agents, methylphenidate should be used with caution in patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, angina pectoris, moderate to severe hypertension, or advanced arteriosclerosis because it may cause dangerous arrhythmias and blood pressure changes. 

GH 3 Sex-Ex. A factor claimed to exist in commercial procaine hydrochloride prepns according to the Romanian M-D- Anna Aslan [Institute of Geriatrics. Bucharest). H3 is Dr. Aslan s name for the factor in procaine HO which she found to be effective in achieving an apparent reversal of phenomena previously considered irreversible, such as those encountered in cerebral arteriosclerosis- Ref Publishers ... 

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