Haldor Topsoe process

Independent conversion processes may not employ the Claus reaction for sulfur production and do not recycle the captured sulfur compounds to the Claus plant. Examples are the Beavon Mark I Process (Hydrogenation + Stretford) (13), the Beavon Mark II Process (Hydrogenation + Claus) (13), and the SNPA/Haldor-Topsoe Process (Catalytic Oxidation to SOi.) (9,10). 

The SBA-HT (Societe Beige de 1 Azote-Haldor Topsoe) process is a combination of both steam reforming and partial oxidation. The process converts liquid petroleum gas (LPG) to syngas that is rich in hydrogen. This process was operated in France and Belgium in the 1960s. 

In the Haldor Topsoe process several reactors are used, arranged in series. The heat of reaction is removed by intermediate coolers. The synthesis gas flows radially through the catalyst beds. 

Haldor Topsoe Process. In addition to technology supply, Haldor Topsoe also produces the full catalyst range needed in ammonia plants. The energy consumption of a basically classic plant configuration has been reduced considerably by applying systematic analysis and process engineering. Descriptions and operational experience are given in [464], [623], [1028], [1071]-[1082]. 

Other examples of methanol production processes using adiabatic multiple-bed reactor concepts are the Haldor Topsoe process and the Kellogg process. 

The Haldor Topsoe process, with steam regeneration, offers the advantage over the zinc ferrite or zinc titanate processes of recovering the sulfur as an almost 100% hydrogen sulfide stream, which may be economically converted to sulfur or sulfuric acid by conventional... 

A silver-gauze catalyst is still used in some older processes that operate at a relatively higher temperature (about 500°C). New processes use an iron-molyhdenum oxide catalyst. Chromium or cohalt oxides are sometimes used to dope the catalyst. The oxidation reaction is exothermic and occurs at approximately 400-425 °C and atmospheric pressure. Excess air is used to keep the methanol air ratio helow the explosion limits. Figure 5-6 shows the Haldor Topsoe iron-molyhdenum oxide catalyzed process. 

Figure 5-6. The Haldor Topsoe and Nippon Kasel process for producing formaldehyde (1) blower, (2) heat exchanger, (3) reactor, (4) steam boiler, (5) absorber, (6,7) coolers, (8) Incinerator, (9) heat recovery, (10) methanol evaporator, (11) boiler feed water.

The combined approach of removing both the sulfur and the NOx from the flue gas is called SNOX (Haldor Topsoe A/S) or DESONOX (Degussa). An example of the setup for this process is shown in Fig. 10.11, where 99% of the NOx is converted in the SCR reactor and the SO2 is converted into sulfuric acid. 

Figure lO.n. Schematic diagram of the SNOX process used to remove both SO2 and NOx from the flue gas. (Courtesy of Haldor Topsoe A/S.)... 

ATR(l) [Autothermal reforming] A process for making CO-enriched syngas. It combines partial oxidation with adiabatic steam-reforming. Developed in the late 1950s for ammonia and methanol synthesis. Further developed in the 1990s by Haldor Topsoe. 

MAS [Methanolo alcooli superiori] A process for making mixtures of methanol with higher alcohols, for use as gasoline extenders, developed by a consortium of Snamprogetti, Haldor Topsoe, and Anic. Piloted in a demonstration plant in Italy. 

REGENOX A catalytic process for oxidizing organic compounds in gaseous effluents. A modified version oxidizes chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons at 350 to 450°C without forming dioxins. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and first operated by Broomchemie in The Netherlands in 1995. See CATOX. 

RKN A process for making hydrogen from hydrocarbon gases (from natural gas to naphtha) by steam reforming. Developed by Haldor Topsoe in the 1960s as of 1975, 24 plants were operating. 

SBA-HT [Societe Beige de l Azote-Haldor Topsoe] A process for converting LPG to syngas rich in hydrogen. Two cracking processes are conducted in two zones of one... 

SNOX A combined flue-gas desulfurization and denitrification process. The NOx is first removed by the SCR process, and then the S02 is catalytically oxidized to S03 and converted to sulfuric acid by the WSA process. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and first operated at a power station in Denmark in the 1990s. 

SPD [Slurry phase distillate] A process for making diesel fuel, kerosene, and naphtha from natural gas. Developed by Sasol and first commercialized in South Africa in 1993. A joint venture with Haldor Topsoe for the further development and commercialization of the process was announced in 1996. Commercialization in Nigeria was announced in 1998. 

TIGAS [Topsoe integrated gasoline synthesis] A multi-stage process for converting natural gas to gasoline. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and piloted in Houston from 1984 to 1987. Not commercialized, but used in 1995 as the basis for a process for making dimethyl ether for use as a diesel fuel. 

WSA [Wet gas sulphuric acid] A process for recovering sulfur from flue-gases and other gaseous effluents in the form of concentrated sulfuric acid. It can be used in conjunction with the SCR process if oxides of nitrogen are present too. The sulfur dioxide is catalytically oxidized to sulfur trioxide, and any ammonia, carbon monoxide, and carbonaceous combustibles are also oxidized. The sulfur trioxide is then hydrolyzed to sulfuric acid under conditions which produce commercial quality 95 percent acid. Developed by Haldor Topsoe 15 units were commissioned between 1980 and 1995. See also SNOX. 

WSA-SNOX A combined flue-gas treatment process which converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. Developed by Snamprogetti and Haldor Topsoe, based on the WSA process. A large demonstration unit was under construction in 1989. 

Tail Gas Cleanup Process Efficiency - Required process efficiency depends on applicable emission regulations. Low-efficiency processes result in up to 99.0-99.5% overall sulfur recovery when combined with the Claus plant and include the Sulfreen, SNPA/Haldor-Topsoe, CBA, IFP, and Beavon Mark II processes. High-efficiency tail-gas treating processes can achieve overall sulfur recoveries of 99.8% and above under ideal conditions. These include the Beavon Mark I, SCOT, Trencor, and Wellman-Lord processes. 

Fuel Processing for High Efficiency Fuel Cell Systems," J.R. Rostrup-Nielsen, L.J. Christiansen, and K. Aasberg-Petersen, Haldor Topsoe A/S, Grove IH Fuel Cell Symposium, September 1993. 

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