Guano phosphorus

Phosphor-gehalt, m. phosphorus content, -geruch, m. phosphorus odor, -geschoss, n. phosphorus bullet, incendiary bullet, -gruppe, /. phosphorus group, -guano, m. phosphatic guano. 

A common source of organic phosphorus is bone meal (approximately 9-14% P) and bone ash (approximately 18%). The bird excrement guano contains about 2-3% P as ammonium and calcium phosphates. Fresh solid dairy cattle manure has approximately 0.13% P (moisture = 81.7%), and solid swine manure has about 0.33% P (moisture = 71.8%), which will be in both organic and mineral forms. 

Occurrence and Circulation op Phosphorus —-Mineral Phosphates—Assimilation by Plants—Sources of Phosphates—The Composition of Phosphorites —-The Distribution of Phosphatic Rooks—Ooeanio Deposits and Guanos—-The World s Production of Phosphate Rook. 

The natureil influx of phosphorus to soils is hard to assess since no measurements appear to have been made on that proportion of atmosphere fallout of phosphorus (3.6—9.2 Tg P y loc. cit.) which is due to sea spray. According to Hutchinson (1952), the deposition of guano contributes about 0.01 Tg P y to terrestrial phosphorus. On 1972 figures, man-made annual contributions to soil phosphorus were 9.93 Tg in the form of superphosphates (FAO, 1975) and 1.1 Tg as human excreta used as a fertilizer (Pierrou, 1976). 

Guano, Bird manure. The dried excrements of sea birds (cormorants) and bats from coastal islands of Peru, Chile, West Indies, and Africa. Usually mixed with feathers and bones. Contains about 9% nitrogen, 6% phosphorus, 2% potassium, and 15-20% moisture. Used as fertilizer. 

Hypermethylated guanosine-capped mRNA molecules are important in cellular transport and RNA splicing. The chemical synthesis of a 5 -terminal 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine-capped tri ribobonucleotide has been described by condensation of (185) with (186) in the presence of CDI in 40% yield. The synthesis includes a novel three step synthesis of 2N,2N-dimethylguanosine from guano-sine. The product was characterised by proton and phosphorus NMR. 

All commercially used phosphorous compounds are derived from phosphate rocks. Some deposits accumulated have billions of tons of phosphate, for example the Phos-poria deposit of the western USA and Morocco. Large deposits are also found in Australia, China, Florida, and the Kola Peninsula. The deposits of Christmas Island are of guano origin and are rapidly being depleted by over-use, though other reserves of phosphate ore should last for a thousand years. Globally, over 75 million tons of such rocks, containing about 15 million tons of P, are mined annually. About 95% of this output is destined directly for the food chain, with 90% as fertilizers and 4% in the form of different additives to livestock fodder (3.4%) or human foodstuffs (0.7%). About 4.5% of mined phosphorus is used... 

An alternative source of phosphorus is guano—a natural deposit formed from decaying bones and excreta from fish-eating birds. Bird dung was employed by the Carthaginians as early as 200 BC in order to improve crop yields (Figure 2.1). 

Phosphorus-containing fertiliser materials were in use for many centuries before their action was identified with the presence of the elanent Hsh and animal manures were employed several thousand years ago and the Carthaginians were nsing bird dung in 200 bc. In the twelfth century, guano was used by the Arabs and the Incas. 

Fertilizer and Minerals for Industry. Fertilizers contain minerals that have nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and a few other elements necessary for the growth of plants. In Peru, deposits of guano (seabird excrement), which is rich in these elements, have been mined and used as fertilizer. Saltpeter (potassium nitrate) has also been mined in Peru. A calcium phosphate mineral, apatite, occurs in some sedimentary rocks, so some of these have been mined for the phosphorus. 

While the trace-element content of guano and, to a lesser extent, of mined mineral salts, could make some contribution to the nutrient requirements of crops, these materials are no longer adequately available. We have now become largely dependent on highly purified compound fertilisers containing only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as nutrients, so that the rate of depletion of essential trace elements has been greatly accelerated. The natural cycle... 

A major use of phosphoric acid is fertiUzer production. In the past, phosphorus-containing materials such as fish, bones, and bat guano were used as fertiUzer. Sulfuric acid decomposes bones to make phosphorus compounds that are more readily taken np by plants. Today many different phosphorus compounds have been developed specifically as fertilizers for various types of plants. 

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