Phosphorus terrestrial

Phosphorus is the eleventh element in order of abundance in crustal rocks of the earth and it occurs there to the extent of 1120 ppm (cf. H 1520 ppm, Mn 1060 ppm). All its known terrestrial minerals are orthophosphates though the reduced phosphide mineral schrieber-site (Fe,Ni)3P occurs in most iron meteorites. Some 200 crystalline phosphate minerals have been described, but by far the major amount of P occurs in a single mineral family, the apatites, and these are the only ones of industrial importance, the others being rare curiosities. Apatites (p. 523) have the idealized general formula 3Ca3(P04)2.CaX2, that is Caio(P04)6X2, and common members are fluorapatite Ca5(P04)3p, chloroapatite Ca5(P04)3Cl, and hydroxyapatite Ca5(P04)3(0H). In addition, there are vast deposits of amorphous phosphate rock, phosphorite, which approximates in composition to fluoroapatite. " These deposits are widely... 

Feedbacks may be affected directly by atmospheric CO2, as in the case of possible CO2 fertilization of terrestrial production, or indirectly through the effects of atmospheric CO2 on climate. Furthermore, feedbacks between the carbon cycle and other anthropogenically altered biogeochemical cycles (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) may affect atmospheric CO2. If the creation or alteration of feedbacks have strong effects on the magnitudes of carbon cycle fluxes, then projections, made without consideration of these feedbacks and their potential for changing carbon cycle processes, will produce incorrect estimates of future concentrations of atmospheric CO2. 

The land biota reservoir (3) represents the phosphorus contained within all living terrestrial organisms. The dominant contributors are forest ecosystems with aquatic systems contributing only a minor amount. Phosphorus contained in dead and decaying organic materials is not included in this reservoir. It is important to note that although society most directly influences and interacts with the P in lakes and rivers, these reservoirs contain little P relative to soil and land biota and are not included in this representation of the global cycle. 

Chambers, R. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Hollibaugh, J. T., and Vink, S. M. (1995). Importance of terrestrially-derived particulate phosphorus to phosphorus dynamics in a west coast estuary. Estuaries 18,518-526. 

Schoeninger, M.J. and DeNiro, M.J. 1984 Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 625-639. Schuette, S. A., Hegsted, M., Zemel, B. and Linkswiler, H.M. 1981 Renal acid, urinary cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline excretion as affected by level of protein, sulfur amino acids and phosphorus intake. Journal of Nutrition 111 2106-2116. 

Giisewell S (2004) N P ratios in terrestrial plants variation and functional significance. New Phytol 164 243-266. doi http //www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10. Ill 1/j. 1469-8137.2004.01192.x Giisewell S, Bailey KM, Roem WJ, Bedford BL (2005) Nutrient limitation and botanical diversity in wetlands can fertilisation raise species richness Oikos 109 71-80. doi http //www.black-well-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13587.x Halsted M, Lynch J (1996) Phosphorus responses of C3 and C4 species. J Exp Bot 47 497-505. 

Disturbance of Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle in Agrolandscapes Conceptual ideas behind simulation of P cycling are related to construction of models for freshwater terrestrial ecosystems and a generalized oceanic system and understanding the restrictions of its application. 

Phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element in the crystal rocks of the earth. Elemental phosphorus does not exist in nature and all of its known terrestrial minerals are orthophosphates found in phosphate rocks which occur in vast deposits throughout the world. Phosphate rock is the starting material for the industrial manufacture of elemental phosphorus. White phosphorus is produced by heating phosphate rock with sand and coke in an electric furnace according to Equations 5.19 ... 

Phosphorite, a major source of phosphorus, is known to occur hoili as nodular masses and crusts on rocks in subsea areas. Although enormous amounts of phosphorite are accessible ill relatively shallow water, marine phosphorites have not heen economically competitive with terrestrial supplies. 

H. A. Rowland,2 and M. N. Saha could find no evidence in the solar spectrum of the existence of phosphorus in the sun but phosphorus of extra-terrestrial origin has been found in meteorites. 0. C. Farrington reported the occurrence of free phosphorus in the meteorite which fell in Saline Township. Iron phosphide, and iron nickel phosphide have been found in numerous meteorites 3—vide infra, iron phosphide, and schreibersite, and rhabdite. 

As a result of their geographical circumstances and these various historical developments, many estuaries appear to be among the most heavily loaded ecosystems in the world in terms of the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus received per unit area (Fig. 5). Even the farm fields of the American corn belt do not receive the fertilization common to many estuaries, and the nutrient inputs to natural terrestrial systems and fresh waters appear to be orders of magnitude lower. There are fewer data available on the inputs of metals and other pollutants to estuaries, but the evidence at hand suggests that the delivery of heavy metals to estuaries may equal or exceed that deposited from the atmosphere on heavily industrialized urban areas and exceed that deposited on rural terrestrial ecosystems by orders of magnitude (Fig. 6). 

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