Biochemical regulation

W. Rademacher, "Biochemical Effects of Plant Growth Retardants," in Plant Biochemical Regulators, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1991. 

Plant Biochemical Regulators, edited by Harold W. Gausman Maximizing Crop Yields, N. K. Fageria... 

Obal Jr., F. Krueger, J. M. (2003). Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Frontiers Biosci. 8, 520-50. 

The binding of calcium ion to calmodulin, a major biochemical regulator of ion pumps and receptors, occurs on a time scale about a thousand times shorter than that observed for RNA conformational change. This Ca2+-calmodulin binding, which can be followed successfully by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), occurs in about ten milliseconds. 

One of the principal rules of biochemical regulation is, When you turn something on, be sure that you have a way to turn if off. Signal transduction pathways are no different. Kinases are opposed by phosphatases. These enzymes simply hydrolyze the tyrosine or serine/threo-nine phosphate. Because they are in opposition, activation of the phosphatase (there are pathways for this too) is similar to inactivation of the opposing kinase. Often the two activities are coordinate regulated... 

P. E. Rapp, Frequency encoded biochemical regulation is more accurate than amplitude dependent control, J. Theor. Biol, 90, 531-544 (1981). 

Not only does allosteric regnlation have a profound influence on our understanding of biochemical regulation but the concept has considerable biological importance. These two sites within the enzyme, catalytic and allosteric, can evolve independently to provide the most efficient systems for both catalysis and regnlation. 

Pandya PK, Huang SC, Talkad VD, et al Biochemical regulation of the three different states of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor in pancreatic acini. Biochim Biophys Acta 1224 117-126, 1994... 

Verin, A.D. Gilbert-McClain, L.I. Patterson, C.E. Garcia, J.G.N. Biochemical regulation of the nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase isoform in bovine endothelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 19,(1998)... 

For eukaryotic microorganisms, the involvement of PolyPs in biochemical regulation under stress has also been observed. For example, the involvement of vacuolar PolyP in survival under osmotic or alkaline stress has been shown in algae and fungi. In the alga Dunaliella salina, alkalinization of the cytoplasm results in a massive hydrolysis of PolyP, resulting in pH stat. Various authors have suggested that the hydrolysis of PolyP provides the pH-stat mechanism to counterbalance the alkaline stress (Bental et al, 1990 Pick et al, 1990 Pick and Weis, 1991). 

Prostaglandins are fatty acid derivatives that are even more powerful biochemical regulators than steroids. They are called prostaglandins because they were first isolated from secretions of the prostate gland. They were later found to be present in all body tissues and fluids, usually in minute quantities. Prostaglandins affect many body systems, including the nervous system, smooth muscle, blood, and the reproductive system. They play important roles in regulating such diverse functions as blood... 

A class of biochemical regulators consisting of a 20-carbon carboxylic acid containing a cyclopentane ring and various other functional groups, (p. 1213)... 

Calcium is one of the most common elements on earth. Most calcium involved in biological systems occurs as hydroxyapatite. a sialic, stabilizing structure like that found in bone. The remaining calcium is ionic (Ca ). Ionic calcium functions as a biochemical regulator, more often within the cell. The importance of calcium ions to physiological functions was realiz.ed first by Ringer, who observed in 1883 the role of Ca in cardiac contracliiity. 

Plant tissue culture is an extremely useful tool for investigating biochemical and hormonal aspects of plant metabolism. Such systems have been applied to studies of host-pathogen interactions and secondary metabolism. My laboratory has been investigating the biochemical regulation of phytoalexin accumulation in host-pathogen interactions of cultured legumes. 

It is clear from earlier reports (18-19-20) and the data in Tables II and III that production of medlcarpln and maacklaln in response to ellcltors is retained In cultured cells and, most Importantly, that biochemical regulation of phytoalexin accumulation Is not lost. 

New plant biochemical regulators (PBRs) were observed to have profound positive effects on crop performance. For the crops that were tested, the PBRs improved both crop yield and yield quality. Negative correlations between crop yield and crop quality were not observed. 

YOKOYAMA GAUSMAN Plant Biochemical Regulators Crops... 

In this chapter we will present results of three new and improved bioregulatory compounds, or plant biochemical regulators (PBRs), on several agricultural crops. 

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