Groundwater and soil remediation

Kuo, J., Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation. Lewis Publishers,... 

Stegeman JA and others (1995) Quality analysis of field solidified waste. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Groundwater and Soil Remediation, Toronto, Canada,... 

Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation Evan K. Nyer, editor, Lewis Publishers, 1992, ISBN 0-87371-731-7, 224 pages, 59.95. 

Hyman M. H., 1999. Groundwater and soil remediation. In Meyers R. A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and Cleanup, John Wiley, NY, 684-714... 

Leppinen JO, Salonsaari P, Palosaari V (1997) Flotation in acid mine drainage control beneficia-tion of concentrate. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 36 225-230 Lesage S, Xu H, Novakowshi KS, Brown S, Durham L (1995) Use of humic acids to enhance the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated aquifers. Part II pilot scale. In Proceedings of the 5th annual symposium on groundwater and soil remediation. Toronto, ON, 2-6 Oct 1995... 

L. Deschgnes, P. Lafiance, J.-P. Villeneuve and R. Samson, Fourth Annual Symposium on Groundwater and Soil Remediation, September 21-23, Calgary, Alberta, 1994. 

Groundwater and Soil Remediation Using Electrical Fields... 

Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum stripping can simultaneously treat groundwater and soil contaminated with VOCs. The system developed by AWD Technologies consists of two basic processes a vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat contaminated ground-water and a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that provides simultaneous in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil with no air emission. 

Tables 24.13 and 24.14 summarize performance data for the 35 completed and 38 ongoing in situ bioremediation projects. The concentration of MTBE in groundwater prior to treatment was as high as 870,000 pg/L and as low as 10 pg/L. The data show that bioremediation (either alone or in combination with other technologies) has been employed to remediate MTBE in groundwater and soil to concentrations <50 pg/L and has achieved MTBE concentration reductions >99%. The median project duration for the 20 completed sites ranged from 6 months to 1 year.

The Arctic Foundations, Inc. (AFl), frozen soil barrier technology is constructed by artificially freezing the soil pore water. As the pore water freezes, the soil permeability decreases, thereby forming an impermeable barrier that surrounds and contains the contaminants. When properly installed, the frozen soil barrier prevents the migration of contaminants within groundwater and soil. Contaminants are contained in situ, with the frozen native soils serving as the containment medium. The contaminants are isolated by the wall until appropriate remediation techniques can be applied. 

Bioslurping is a commercially available, in situ technology that combines vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery with bioventing of subsurface soils to simultaneously remediate petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater and soils. Vacuum-enhanced recovery utilizes negative pressure to create a partial vacuum that extracts free product and water from the subsurface. Bioventing is forced aeration to accelerate in situ bioremediation of hydrocarbons and non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). 

Carus Chemical Company offers CAIROX potassium permanganate for the in situ remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater and soil. The method of oxidant delivery during treatment is tailored to site conditions. For unsaturated, low-permeability soils, CAIROX is introduced using deep soil mixing. In areas where the site has high permeability or the treatment media is saturated with water, well injection or recirculation can be used. 

Dowex Optipore is a polymeric adsorbent used to treat chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) contaminated off-gas streams from remediation processes such as air stripping of groundwater and soil vapor extraction. According to the vendor Dowex Optipore adsorbent has the following advantages over activated carbon ... 

Environmental quality standards for chemical substances in groundwater and soil are important for many soil quality decisions. Examples include emission reduction measures during the marketing authorization of chemicals, soil and land use decision making and risk management, as well as soil remediation. 

The table of contents illustrates the breadth of this volume. About one-third of the chapters deal directly with remediation technologies for groundwater and soil decontamination another third deal with waste treatment avoidance technologies and the last third discuss fundamental research for developing new technologies or for measuring the problem or the effectiveness of the treatment. This book will provide a contribution to this important field and wilt reemphasize the need for continued progress and development. 

The applications of separation science to environmental restoration are centered on the cleanup of contaminated groundwaters and soils. The extent and complexity of the groundwater contamination problem continues to present formidable technological obstacles to cleanup. The most important factors that contribute to this complexity are the large number of contaminated sites, the wide diversity of the contaminants present in those sites, the Inherent complexity of the subsurface chemistry of the contaminants, and the difficulty in interpreting existing regulations to establish compliance and properly prioritize site remediation efforts. 

Electrokinetic remediation of groundwater and soil usually involves the use of electroosmosis and electromigration. Electroosmosis describes the phenomenon of water flow induced by application of an electrical field on porous media (14). Electromigration describes the transport of ions under the influence of an electrical field (75). The electroosmotic flux, qeo, can be written as... 

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