Ground applications, aerial

Collection stations were located at various distances from the point of application up to 2600 ft in the aerial studies, 1300 ft in the ground application studies and 1000-1500 ft in the orchard studies. 

The ground application was made with a tractor equipped with a rear mounted boom sprayer. The aerial applications were made with a- helicopter equipped with a boom. The hand-gun applications were made with a commercial high pressure hose-nozzle sprayer. 

The aerial applicators also had considerably less exposure than the mixer-loaders. Again, most of this exposure was to the hands and was acquired from adjusting nozzles on the spray equipment. For the 80S and the XLR formulations, the total HDE s were 7.4 and 3.4 mg/h, respectively, and almost 100% of the exposure was to the hands in both cases. Here, as for the ground application, the highest HDE was obtained from Sevimol-4 because of the more frequent plugging of the spray nozzels. Thus the total HDE for Sevimol-4 was 26.5 mg/h, and the HDE on the hands was 25.7 mg/h. 

D. The participants included 26 ground applicators in North Dakota after a single exposure and 17 aerial applicators in Washington during intermittent exposure. The objective was to ascertain worker exposure base-levels of 2,4-D under normal use conditions. Mean daily urinary excretion of 2,4-D by workers involved in aerial applications was 0.006 mg/kg body weight for pilots and 0.02 mg/kg for mixer/loaders from intermittent exposure. Workers involved in ground applications had maximum mean one-day 2,4-D urinary excretion of 0.002, 0.003, and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively, for applicators, mixer/loaders, and mixer/loader/applicators from a one-time exposure. The Ej/2 (half-elimination time for total... 

D amount excreted) values ranged from 35 to 48 h for the onetime exposed workers making ground applications. A correlation existed between 2,4-D excreted in the urine vs. worker duty for personnel involved in both the aerial and ground applications and... 

D levels were measured in urine samples collected prior to, during, and after actual spray operations from workers involved in ground and aerial applications of amine and ester formulations of... 

Commercial aerial applicator Commercial aerial mixer/loader All commercial aerial Commercial ground applicator Commercial ground mixer/loader All commercial ground 7 Mixer/Loader applicator 7 Applicator Mixer/Loader... 

This study found that some crew members involved in the aerial application of 2,4-D for forestry purposes absorbed low levels of 2,4-D, but the doses as indicated by urine analyses were several orders of magnitude below the 24 mg/kg noobservable-effect-level determined in toxicology studies. These results are in agreement with those of Nash et al. (1982). The doses were comparable to those found in an earlier test involving aerial application of 2,4,5-T but were substantially lower than those found for ground application of that herbicide (Lavy et al., 1980). 

Uses Phosphamidon is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide in agriculture. It is toxic both systemically and by contact, and acts through the inhibition of ChE. Phosphamidon currently is registered for use by both ground and aerial applications on vegetables, fruits, and field crops.28... 

Application method Enclosed bait station Ground spray Ground or aerial spray Ground spray... 

For commercial production, the BT cells are grown in large fermentors in complex media that support high cell densities and ultimate sporulation of the cells. Cell lysis releases the spores and crystals into the growth medium, and they are recovered by either centrifugation or other techniques that concentrate the particulates. Depending on the desired formulation, the concentrate is either spray-dried and formulated into wettable powder or oil flowable, or formulated directly from concentrate into an aqueous flowable. Application is with standard spray equipment, either ground or aerial. 

Drift from aerial or ground applications of herbicides... 

The data generated by the SDTF are owned by the member companies. The data has been submitted to the ERA, and is currently under regulatory review. Many pieces of the data have been published in various journals and presented at symposia. Additional information is available from the contract administrator for the SDTE in the form of brochures and presentations describing the tests and results for aerial, air blast, chemigation, and ground application of pesticides [34]. 

The licensed applicator should be made familiar with the various types of hand, ground, and aerial equipment available and with the various parts and functions of spray equipment. The applicator must be skilled in sprayer equipment calibration, maintenance, cleaning, and storage. The applicator should know that proper calibration of spray... 

As a result of its use as an insecticide on cotton, fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops, methyl parathion is released directly to the atmosphere during application. It is applied primarily by spraying from aircraft or ground equipment (NPIRS 1986). Aerial application of methyl parathion to agricultural fields releases the insecticide to the air. 

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