Principles of Green Chemistry

We examine some common principles of green chemistry in Section 16.2. Raw materials including recycling are discussed in Sections 16.3, and 16.4 reviews biomass conversion technologies. Sections 16.5 through 16.7 discuss the sense and nonsense of green chemistry and biofuels from various perspectives. 

we turn to the American Chemical Society [3] for the following definition  

Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. 

Green chemistry and associated technology is not necessarily new chemistry or a new discipline. It is the same discipline that requires a new state of 

In 1998, Paul Anastas of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with John Warner summarized the goals of green chemistry as 12 principles (Table 13.3).23 These 12 principles continue to be widely cited. 

At least one of the 12 principles—number 2, design safe products—is a must for pharmaceutical synthesis. Indeed, pharmaceutical products are regulated and tested for safety. Principle number 7, maximize atom economy, refers to a metric against which the greenness of a process may be evaluated. Green metrics are covered in the next section. 

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Green chemistry, principles of Green chemistry, application to cellulose... 

Another favorable aspect of these polymers is their conformity with the principles of green chemistry. The latter sets guidehnes for the chemical industry in order to secure sustainable development, while increasing process economy [3,4]. Briefly, green chemistry, and the related green engineering [5] call for an increase in, and/or upgrading of ... 

While this works progresses, a part of our attention should be focused on potential industrial applications. In this regard, the path is set, because important principles of green chemistry are inherent to cellulose derivatives, namely the raw material is renewable, and the products are biodegradable. With regard to these principles, consider the following ... 

One of the fundamental and most important principles of Green Chemistry is that of atom economy. This essentially is a measure of how many atoms of reactants end up in the final product and how many end up in byproducts or waste. The percentage atom economy can be calculated as 100 times the relative molecular mass (RMM) of all atoms used to make wanted product divided by the RMM of all reactants. Box 1.2. The real benefit of atom economy is that it can be calculated at the reaction planning stage from a balanced reaction equation. Taking the following theoretical reaction ... 

Oxidation reactions are frequently used in the production of both bulk and fine chemicals. Review the main differences in the processes usually used in each sector, discussing these differences in terms of the 12 principles of green chemistry. 

Devise a synthesis of 5-Ibuprofen that, in terms of the principles of green chemistry, compares favourably with the commercial route outlined in Chapter 2. 

Industrial electrochemical reduction processes exist for the conversion of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and 4-nitroben-zoic acid to 4-aminobenzoic acid. How may these processes be carried out Compare these processes in terms of the Principles of Green Chemistry with alternative non-electrochemical methods. 

Benchmark 4 Prefer - Safer Chemical. Only organic chemicals with low inherent toxicity to humans and wildlife, that do not bio accumulate, and rapidly and completely degrade to benign degradation products or metabolites reach Benchmark 4. These are chemicals that would meet the principles of green chemistry that relate to hazard. 

It has also been recognized and it is widely accepted that biocatalysis can make a difference and has a strong impact on many principles of green chemistry. This impact goes much beyond pharmaceuticals production, which, however, will be the focus of this chapter. 

These solvent-free conditions are included in the twelve principles of Green Chemistry [25], and facilitate the design of sustainable processes for the chemical industry. 

Figure 8.11 The principles of green chemistry have been spreading simultaneously with advances in nanomaterials synthesis.

Increasing concern for the need to conserve and to use effectively world reserves of raw materials and, at the same time, to reduce the quantities of waste materials which are likely to have an adverse effect on the environment has led to pressure for the increased use of renewable resources and so-called green chemistry . The principles of green chemistry have been enunciated by Hamley and Poliakoff as follows ... 

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