Green chemical products

Once a chemical or material is positively defined, that is it is fuUy characterized and determined to be preferable as used with respect to human and environmental health and safety, organizations may establish a platform from which to develop products and processes. We provide as examples of positively defining chemicals and chemical products the CleanGredients database and the Coastwide Laboratories Sustainable Earth Green Chemistry (SEGC) 114 Standard for green chemical product development. 

Green chemical products are products that were designed with the principles of green chemistry in mind so that they will not have harmful effects on human or animal health... 

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China... 

Assuming that it works well on a commercial scale, the aforementioned process for direct biosynthesis of hydrocarbons represents the best of green chemical production. It uses a renewable feedstock that can be produced in large quantities photosynthetically. It takes place under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure with little or no input of external energy. It does not require metal catalysts and does not produce waste by-products. The diesel fuel produced is claimed to be ultraclean and does not contain potentially pollutant or toxic benzene, sulfur, and the heavy metals that can cause problems in petroleum-based fuels. 

Green chemistry (Chapter 11 Focus On) The design and implementation of chemical products and processes that reduce waste and minimize or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances. 

In this chapter, we focus on strategies, tools and metrics that help chemical choosers to green their chemical product inventories and to benchmark progress. The term chemical chooser applies to those who purchase chemicals for use in the development of formulated products or those who purchase formulated chemical products for use in their use in activities such as maintenance, repair and operations. Most product manufacturers are chemical and material choosers in contrast to chemical or raw material manufacturers who process, synthesize and supply chemicals as raw materials. 

Given the scope and impact of formulated products, tools are needed to help chemical choosers - whether product developers or purchasers - to identify chemicals with desirable characteristics from the hazard perspective and to determine how the use of a particular chemical will affect the overall hazard profile or greenness of a product. We focus in particular on pubhcly available tools and resources that can support small businesses who may not have extensive environmental health and safety resources but who seek to green their chemical products and inventories. 

Once the inventory of chemicals in raw materials or products is complete, the next step on the path to integrating green chemical inventories is to assess and evaluate the associated hazards. Using the following rather simplistic distinctions helps to assess and evaluate hazards. Each of these distinctions brings with it a different set of strategies, tools and metrics. 

In this chapter we describe strategies, tools and metrics that are currently and publicly available for advancing green chemical inventories in products and processes. The science of green chemistry will continue to advance as will the frameworks, strategies, tools and metrics that support understanding, implementation and reporting. 

While advancing green chemical inventories is critical to a sustainable future, it is important to remember the big picture when designing products and processes - it is not just about hazard. Once the hazard assessment and evaluations are complete, and as part of the implementation stage, it is important to step back and consider the big picture when developing products. As noted earlier, a sustainable product - one that meets the criteria for Cradle to Cradle Design ... 

The aqueous solution chemistry of Ir in its higher oxidation states III, IV, and V has been explored by Sykes et al.41,48 Chemical and electrochemical oxidation of Ir(H20)6]3+ gives a brown-green Irv product, which undergoes chemical and electrochemical reduction to a blue and a purple IrIV complex. 170 NMR studies are consistent with double- and single-bridged dimeric structures, with likely formulas [(H20)4Ir(/i-0H)2Ir(H20)4]6+ for the blue complex and [(H20)5Ir(/r-0)Ir(H20)5]6+ for the purple one. 

Aniline black was first prepared in the last century [164] when it was found that anodic oxidation of aniline at a Pt electrode in aqueous H2S04 gave a dark green powdery product. Aniline blacks have subsequently produced under a variety of conditions via both chemical and electrochemical routes with a low level of interest... 

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