Colonial ascidian

Chiba, K., Hoshi, M., Isobe, M., and Hirose, E. (1998). Bioluminescence in the tunic of the colonial ascidian Clavelina miniata identification of luminous cells in vitro. J. Exp. Zool. 281 546-553. 

Carroll, A.R. Bowden, B.F. Coll, J.C. (1993) Novel cytotoxic iodotyrosine-based alkaloids from colonial ascidians, Aplidium sp. Aust. J. Chem., 46, 825-32. 

The virenamides A-C (180-182), thiazole-containing cytotoxic linear peptides, were isolated from the colonial ascidian Diplosoma virens collected on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Their structures were... 

Marine tunicates are also a source of brominated tyrosine derivatives. The colonial ascidian Aplidium sp., which was collected in Australia, yielded the novel iodinated tyrosine alkaloids 1973-1975 (1819). Collections of Botryllus sp. and Botryllus schlosseri from the Philippines and the Great Barrier Reef, respectively, have afforded botryllamides A-D (1976-1979) (1820). A Palauan ascidian Botrylloides tyreum produces several new botryllamides, including the brominated botryllamide G (1980) (1821). The simple brominated tyramines 1981 and 1982 were isolated from the New Zealand ascidian Cnemidocarpa bicornuta (1822) and an Indonesian Eudistoma sp. ascidian (1823). 

Carroll AR, Bowden BJ, Coll JC (1993) Studies of Australian Ascidians. II Novel Cytotoxic Iodotyrosine-Based Alkaloids from Colonial Ascidians, Aplidium sp. Aust J Chem 46 825... 

The marine mollusc Nerita albicilla was found to contain an oxindole alkaloid that was identified as isoteropodine (91), a previously known plant metabolite (94), by extensive NMR spectroscopic techniques (95). Four indole derivatives, named polyandrocarpamides A-D (92-95), were isolated from the colonial ascidian Polyandrocarpa sp. collected in the Philippines (96). 

Dionisio-Sese, M. L., Ishikura, M., Maruyama, T., and Miyachi, S., UV-absorbing substances in the tunic of a colonial ascidian protect its symbiont, Prochloron sp., from damage by UV-B radiation, Mar. Biol., 128, 455, 1997. 

In yet another study focusing on the larvae of a colonial ascidian, Lindquist and Hay71 evaluated not only whether secondary metabolites in the large brooded larvae of Trididemnum solidum cause... 

Davis, A.D. and Butler, A.L., Direct observations of larval dispersal in the colonial ascidian Padoclavella moluccensis Sluiter evidence for closed populations, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 127, 189, 1989. 

Wright AE, Forleo DA, Gunawardana GP, Gunasekera SP, Koehn FE, McConnell OJ. Antitumor tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from the colonial ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata. J. Org. Chem. 1990 55 4508-4512. 

Koehn PE, McConnell OJ. Antitumor tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from the colonial ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata. J. Org. 

Prosobranch mollusks of the family Lamellariidae are known to be specific predators of colonial ascidians. Although the mollusks are not completely devoid of the shells, their shells are reduced and is completely or in part covered by a fleshy mantle and thus requiring some kind of defense mechanism to ward off predators. In order to explore the defense chemicals of nudi-... 

Diazonamide A, a marine natural product isolated from the colonial ascidian Diazona angulata. The revised structure was confirmed by total synthesis in 2002. It shows cytotoxicity against several tumor cell lines with IC50 values <15 ngmL [N. Lindquist etal.,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 2303 K. C. Nicolaou et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3495]. 

The diazonamides A and B 1192a and 1192b are singularly unique natural products isolated from the colonial ascidian Dizona chinensis. Diazonamide A... 

The marine metabolite diazonamide A (47) (Fig. 3) was isolated from the colonial ascidian Diazona angulata, collected from the ceiUngs of caves along the northwest coast of Siquijor Island in the Phihppines [31]. The original structure of diazonamide A was suggested by an X-ray crystallographic study of the p-bromobenzoyl derivative of diazonamide B (48) (Fig. 3). Harran and coworkers completed the synthesis of the proposed diazonamide A [32], which differs from the natural diazonamide A, and thus the revised structure is 47 [33]. 

Nunez-Pons L, Carbone M, Vazquez J, Rodriguez J, Nieto RM, Varela MM, et al. Natural products from Antarctic colonial ascidians of the genera Aplidium and Synoi-cum variability and defensive role. Mar Drug 2012 10(8) 1741-64. 

Sasaki, T., Ohtani, I. I., Tanaka, J., Higa, T., (1999). Dieyamines, new cytotoxic bisindole pigments from a colonial ascidian, Polycitorella sp. Tetrahedron Lett. 40, 303-306. 

Diazonamide A (136), a marine secondary metabolite from a colonial ascidian Diazona chinensis, has been synthesized more than once (2008NPR227) Indeed, the original and incorrect structure was also synthesized. Schemes 20 and 21 give some of Nicolaou s incredible route that led to the correct structure, thus securing it—it starts simply from a 7-bromoi-satin (128) (2004JA12888) It is ironic that with all the powerful physical... 

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