Graphene electropolymerization

Zhang, Q., Li, Y, Feng, Y, Feng, W., 2013a. Electropolymerization of graphene oxide/polyanUine composite for high-performance supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 90,95-100. 

As discussed in Section 7.4.3, graphene can also be produced by the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite using ILs or other solvent combinations as electrolyte. Saxena et al. reported on electropolymerization of FOOT using both electrochemically exfoliated graphene (fluoro alkyl phosphate-based ionic liquid functionalized graphene [ILFG]] and rGO as electrolytes [99],... 

For graphene/CP composite films, the goal of combining the materials has been both to obtain a mechanically more robust material and to combine the attractive properties of the individual components to obtain a superior material. As discussed above, graphene/CP composite materials can be S3mthesized by a range of different methods. In this section, electropolymerization of graphene/CP composite electrode materials and the direct use of such electrodes in the field of supercapacitors and electrochromic devices will be briefly summarized. 

Siju, C., Raja, L., Shivaprakash, N., and Sindhu, S. (2015). Gray to transmissive eiectrochromic switching based on electropolymerized REDOT-ionic liquid functionalized graphene films, J. Solid State Electrochem, pp. 1-10. 

Most commonly, the composite materials of PPy and graphene derivatives are used for the detection of biologically derived molecules. Currently, many attempts have been done for simultaneous electrochemical detection of DA and AA. When DA is voltammetrically detected in biological samples, UA or uridine is detected along with high AA concentrations. To overcome this interference. Si et al. have suggested the use of a PPy-RGO composite [103]. To prepare the composite, GO was first mixed with pyrrole followed by electropolymerization by CV between -0.2... 

Lindfors,T,and Latonen,R-M. (2014). Improved charging/discharging behavior of electropolymerized nanostructured composite films of polyanlllne and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide. Carbon, 69, pp. 122-131. 

Hu et al. showed the preparation of highly porous nanorod-PANI-gra-phene nanocomposite films deposited onto the ITO substrate by in-situ electrochemical polymerization [135]. They used a reverse micelle technique by mixing oil and water in an aqueous solution of TritonX-100. The electro-migration of the ionic species is improved by the addition of dilute HNOj to the oil-water-surfactant solution followed by the polymerization of aniline monomer in presence of graphene dispersion. Figure 4.12 shows the schematic for the preparation of nanorod-PANI-graphene nanocomposites by reverse micelle in-situ electropolymerization technique. 

Davies et al. showed an alternative approach for the preparation of graphene-based flexible electrode by pulsed electropolymerization... 

XPS elemental analysis can also be used to detect the nitrogen concentration in the nanocomposite paper. Figure 4.31 shows the nitrogen concentration the graphene/PANI nanocomposites prepared by in-situ anodic polymerization increases with increasing the electropolymerization time [133]. 

Figure 4.31 XPS depth distribution of nitrogen in graphene/PANI paper with different electropolymerization time (reprinted from [133] with permission from American Chemical Society).

Electropolymerized films of Co(III) tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, doped with ionic liquid (CoPbr-IL/G) functionalized graphene gave O2 electroreduction [90]. l-Butyl-3-melhylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used as IL. It is noteworthy that the performance of CoPor-IL/G resulted better than that of cobalt porphyrin alone, in terms of potential required and amount of undesired H2O2. 

Zhu X, Jiao Q, Zhang C, Zuo X, Xiao X, Liang Y, Nan J. Electropolymerization of graphene and 5-[o-(4-Bromine amyloxy) phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphrin (o-BrPETPP) composite film electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation of indirubin. J Electroanal Chem 2012 681 133-8. 

Kaplan A, Soifer L, Eliyahu D, Korin E, Bettelheim A. Electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction of electropolymerized cobalt porphyrin doped with ionic-liquid-functionalized graphene. J Electrochem Soc 2015 162 H481-5. 

Davies, A. et al. 2011. Graphene-based flexible supercapacitors pulse electropolymerization of pol5 yrrole on free-standing graphene films. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 17612-17620. 

Wang, D. W. et al. 2009. Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high performance flexible electrode. ACS Nano, 3,1745-1752. 

Yang et al. [49] developed eflicient molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) recognition elements for an electrochemical sensor by electropolymerizing the monomer of o-phenylenediamine (oPD), to form poly(o-phenylenediamine (PoPD)-film, Fig. 15, in the presence of template quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA). Poly(pyrrole)-graphene oxide-binuclear phthalocyanine cobalt(ll) sulphonate (PPY-GO-BiCoPc) functional composite was achieved by controllable one-step electrochemical modification of GCE [49]. 

The highest specific capacitance of 1510 F/g was currently reported by Subramanian and co-workers using graphene nanolayers synthesized using electrophoretic deposition of graphene, followed by modification with electropolymerized polypyrrole. The composite electrode was highly porous and it is believed that this porosity enhances the electrode interaction with the electrolyte. 

Davies A, Audette P, Farrow B, Hassan F, Chen Z, Choi J-Y et al (2011) Graphene-based flexible supeieapacitors pulse-electropolymerization of polypyrrole on liee-standing graphene films. J Phys Chem C 115 17612-17620... 

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