Flexibility, electrode

Wang, D.-W., et ah, Fabrication ofgraphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode. ACS Nano, 2009. 3(7) p. 1745-1752. 

Graphene functionalized with polyaniline can be used as a high-performance flexible electrode. The gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of the hybrid reach 233 F g1 and 135 F cm 3 respectively, more than those of graphene paper (147 Fg-1 and 64 F cm 3) [90],... 

The Swiss-Roll cell with a sandwich construction made from a pair of thin, flexible electrodes, wound with the interposition of a pair of separators for electrical insulation. The cell performance is achieved mainly by high electroactive area. The cathode product is removed by replacing the electrode module. 

Schematic representation of a metal-arch capacitance transducer according to Jones et al. [245]. This capacitance transducer is of the variable-area electrode type. A tantalum/tantalum oxide film structure is deposited onto a flat glass substrate to obtain a suitably flat surface for contact with a flexible electrode which may be a thin metal foil possibly deposited in the shape of a dome or an arch...

Han et al. [2002] report that a 2-D force feedback device could be used to present 3-D shapes using a force-shading technique, a haptic analog to bump mapping in computer graphics. Bach-y-Rita et al. [ 2003 ] found that a system in which electrotactile stimuH were dehvered to the tongue via flexible electrode arrays placed in the mouth provided a feasible means for tactile vision substitution. 

Thin-film flexible electrodes such as shown in Figure 4.4g have been used for monitoring neonates. They are basically the same as the metal plate electrodes only the thickness of the metal in this case is less than a micrometer. These metal films need to be supported on a flexible plastic substrate, such as polyester or polyimide. The advantage of using only a thin metal layer for the electrode lies in the fact that these electrodes are x-ray transparent. This is especially important in infants, in whom repeated placement and removal of electrodes, so that x-rays may be taken, can cause substantial skin irritation. 

Electrochemical reaction usually consists of a blend of two materials an electron-donor TT-conjugated polymer (donor, D) and an electron-acceptor fullerene derivative (acceptor, A). Polymers with electrochemical properties have attracted considerable attention over past decades due to potential applications in various fields including low-cost, lightweight, and flexible electrode materials in photovoltaic devices, such as, solar cells and energy storage devices like supercapacitors (Ripolles-Sanchis et al., 2013 Gelinck et al, 2010 Snook etal, 2011). 

Ge, J., Cheng, G., Chen, L., 2011. Transparent and flexible electrodes and supercapacitors using polyaniUne/single-walled carbon nanotube composite thin films. Nanoscale 3,3084-3088. 

Meng, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z., 2014. A flexible electrode based on a three-dimensional graphene network-supported polylmide for lithium-ion batteries. I. Mater. Chem. A 2,10842-10846. 

In summary, a variety of flexible energy harvesting devices including solar cells and piezoelectric devices have been developed to meet the requirement of next-generation portable or wearable devices. However, the power conversion efficiencies of electronic devices were largely limited by the high electrical resistance of flexible electrodes based on polymer substrates. Therefore, more efforts are required to develop new flexible electrodes with higher electrical conductivities. 

PET substrate Silver glue Flexibility electrode Porous hydrogel electrolyte... 

Conducting polymers are promising basic backbones to construct flexible electrodes for LIBs because of their high flexibility, conformability, and versatility. Furthermore, the other active materials can be incorporated into the conducting polymers to form high-performance flexible electrodes. For example, a novel three-dimensional nanoarchitecture composed of PPy-Si core-shell nanofibers was achieved by the deposition of Si onto the electropolymerized PPy nanofibers. This core-shell structure indicated a high cyclic stability after repeated lithium insertion and extraction (Du et al., 2012). 

PI is a kind of organic carbonyl compound with high theoretical capacity and good thermal stability, which can also be used as active material to fabricate flexible electrodes. 

Huang, X. D., B. Sun, S. Q. Chen, and G. X. Wang. 2014. Self-assembling synthesis of free-standing nanoporous graphene-transition-metal oxide flexible electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Chemistry - An Asian Journal 9 206-211. 

Li N, Zhou G, Li F, Wen L, Cheng H-M. A self-standing and flexible electrode of Li4Ti5012 nanosheets with a N-doped carbon coating for high rate lithium ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater 2013 23 5429. 

Davies et al. showed an alternative approach for the preparation of graphene-based flexible electrode by pulsed electropolymerization... 

---