Graphene derivatives

Instead of being used as fillers to enhance the performance of polymers, graphene and its derivatives can be applied as 2D templates for polymer decoration via covalent or noncovalent functionalization. The polymers here are used to improve the solubility of the graphene derivatives, and offer additional functionality to the resulting graphene-pol5mier composites. 

Most commonly, the composite materials of PPy and graphene derivatives are used for the detection of biologically derived molecules. Currently, many attempts have been done for simultaneous electrochemical detection of DA and AA. When DA is voltammetrically detected in biological samples, UA or uridine is detected along with high AA concentrations. To overcome this interference. Si et al. have suggested the use of a PPy-RGO composite [103]. To prepare the composite, GO was first mixed with pyrrole followed by electropolymerization by CV between -0.2... 

Other biomarkers can be detected directly with electrodes modified with composites of PPy and graphene derivatives. For example, electrodeposited overoxidized PPy incorporating electrochemically reduced GO was successfully utilized for simultaneous detection of adenine and guanine [104]. 

Besides PANl, PEDOT and PPy, some other composites of ECPs and graphene derivatives have been fabricated electrochemically. 

Lindfors, T. (2015). Potential cycling stability of composite films of graphene derivatives and poly(3,4-ethylenediox5d hiophene). Electroanalysis, T7, pp. 727-732. 

Stimulated drug delivery is possible using graphenes as a platform. PEGylation of RGO and GO was used by Kim and co-workers to solubilise the graphene derivatives in aqueous media for photothermally triggered... 

The toxicity of an emerging family of graphene derivatives, the GX halogenated graphenes (where X=Cl, Br, I) has also been assessed, with the trend elucidated as GCl>GBr>GI. The cytotoxicity was rationalised according to the extent of halogenation at the graphene surface. 

Lavorato, C., Primo, A., Molinari, R., Garcia, H. (2014a). N-Doped graphene derived from biomass as a visible-light photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from water/methanol mixtures. Chemistry A European Journal, 20, 187—194. http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/ chem.201303689. 

Mohanty N, Berry V (2008) Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale biocomponents. Nano Lett 8 4469-4476... 

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