Nanocomposite Graphene/PANI

Pure PANI exhibits an absorption peak at 334 nm owing to the transition of the benzenoid ring. The band located at 625 nm corresponds to the benzenoid-to-quinoid excitonic transition. On the other hand, the absorption peak of graphene/PANI nanocomposites visible at 330 nm display blueshifts of 4 nm as compared to that of PANT It may be due to the improved intermolecular interaction and very high-energy band gap of the nanocomposites. 

Wang et al. examined the morphology of graphene/PANI nanocomposites by field emission SEM (FE-SEM) [156]. They observed that the appearance of wrinkles of graphene in the nanocomposites as shown in Figure 4.26. It consists of randomly aggregated, thin and crumpled sheets of graphene in the nanocomposites. 

XPS elemental analysis can also be used to detect the nitrogen concentration in the nanocomposite paper. Figure 4.31 shows the nitrogen concentration the graphene/PANI nanocomposites prepared by in-situ anodic polymerization increases with increasing the electropolymerization time [133]. 

It shows that the conversion efficiency of the graphene/PANI nanocomposite counter electrode is comparable to that of the cell consisting of a Pt... 

Graphene/PANI nanocomposite In-situ chemical polymerization Drop coating [23]... 

Figure 12.8 SEM images of graphene/PANI nanocomposite (a) top view, (b) tilted view and TEM image (right) of PANI-graphene nanocomposite prepared by in-situ method. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71], Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society.

Hu et al. showed the preparation of highly porous nanorod-PANI-gra-phene nanocomposite films deposited onto the ITO substrate by in-situ electrochemical polymerization [135]. They used a reverse micelle technique by mixing oil and water in an aqueous solution of TritonX-100. The electro-migration of the ionic species is improved by the addition of dilute HNOj to the oil-water-surfactant solution followed by the polymerization of aniline monomer in presence of graphene dispersion. Figure 4.12 shows the schematic for the preparation of nanorod-PANI-graphene nanocomposites by reverse micelle in-situ electropolymerization technique. 

Ding et al. prepared functionalized graphene/carbon nanotube/PPy ternary nanocomposites by one-step electrochemical polymerization [143]. The functionalized graphene and carbon nanotube disperses homogeneously in the PANI matrix and the ternary nanocomposite is highly... 

UV-Vis spectroscopy [32]. The transparency of stacked graphene is much lower than that of the monolayer graphene. Ferrari et al showed that the optical absorption of graphene layers is proportional to the number of layers, absorption A 1-T Tta 2.3% [8]. Therefore, analysis of UV-Vis results provides a tentative idea about graphene formation and the number of layers. Figure 4.23 shows the UV-Vis absorption spectra of pure PANI and PANI/graphene nanocomposites [122]. 

PANI/exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNs) composites were prepared by similar in-situ polymerization [13]. A paper-like nanocomposite flexible film was obtained by controlling vacuum filtration of an aqueous dispersion of PANI-decorated GNs as shown in Figure 6.6 [14]. 

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