Electro migration

From measurements of conductivities, transfer numbers (electro-migration of charged species), lattice constants and experimental densities, it has been shown that Frenkel defects predominate (Lidlard -1957). This means that ... 

Many other methods for separating isotopes have been described. A partial list includes membrane and membrane pervaporation, thermal diffusion of liquids, mass diffusion, electrolysis and electro-migration, differential precipitation, solvent extraction, biological microbial enrichment, and more. Although not discussed in... 

Aluminum, a highly electropositive metal similar to the aUcaline earth metals, can be useful in deposition of low work function cathode metal electrodes in OLEDs and OELDs, and is preferred for many electronics applications because of its low cost and high conductivity, although it is somewhat prone to electro migration [8, 65]. Since A1 is an important metal for device applications its deposition on SAMs has been extensively studied [20, 21, 23, 32, 33,41, 50, 65-69]. The critical problem for Al, however, is its facility in penetration along with filament growth. 

T0697 Science Remediation Services, Electro-Migration... 

According to the vendor, the electro-migration technology costs 15 to 50/yd of soil. This price may not include indirect costs such as excavation, permits, and treatment of residuals (D131748, p.l8). 

Electro-migration was used to treat approximately 1000 yd of gasoline-contaminated soil at a gasoline service station in Sacramento, California. The remediation project cost 20/yd of soil treated, totaling 20,000 (D131748, pp. 8-12). 

M12. McDonald, H. J., and Spitzer, R. H., Polyvinylpyrrolidine the electro-migration characteristics of the blood plasma expander. Circulation Research 1, 396 (1953). 

Novotny M, Soini H, Stefansson M (1994) Chiral separation through capillary electro-migration methods. Anal Chem 66 646A-655A. 

Safe and effective delivery of peptides has also been successfully demonstrated in human studies using iontophoresis, a technique that uses mild electric current to facilitate transport of molecules across the skin. ° Iontophoresis works primarily by a combination of two forces, electro-repulsion of charged drug molecule away from the electrode and into the skin, and electroosmosis, a convective solvent flow in the direction of the counter-ion transport. In general, cationic proteins and peptides are delivered more efficiently than anionic molecules because electro-osmosis works in the same direction as electro-migration for cationic species. 

Li, Z Zhao, H. and Gao, H. (1999) A Numerical Study of Electro-migration Voiding by Evolving Level Set Functions on a Fixed Cartesian Grid. J. Comput. Phys., 152, 281-304. 

Electro-migration injection. This technique, used in gel electrophoresis, is achieved by putting the sample at a potential of appropriate polarity compared to the other extremity and briefly dipping the capillary into it. In contrast to the previous procedure this mode of injection induces a discriminatory action upon the compounds present, which leads to a non-representative composition of the sample. 

Instead of capillary (narrow bore tube) isotachophoresis, this type of electro-migration separation can be materialized on cellulose acetate strips [173]. Combinations with classical electrophoresis resulting in two dimensional separations have also been described [174,175],... 

First models have been derived by Dukhin et al. [27, 28, 30, 101], and Borwankar and Wasan [102]. They used a quasi-equilibrium model by assuming that the characteristic diffusion time is much greater than the relaxation time of the electrical double layer, and thus, the complicated electro-diffusion problem is reduced to a simply transport problem. Datwani and Stebe [103] analysed this model and performed extensive numerical calculations, however, they did not include the electro-migration term into the diffusion equation so that the results are not relevant for further discussions. 

The state of Mo at low concentration in aqueous solution has been studied by dialysis, electro migration, and centrifugation. At pH 2.5— 5 the predominant species is HMoO faq) but at lower pH MoO faq) predominates. The... 

Eid N, Elshorbagy W, Larson D, Slack D. (2000). Electro-migration of nitrate in sandy soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 79(1-2) 133-149. 

Figure 16. Experimental system for measuring cadmium or zinc movement throngh the barrier, conducted in parallel, with and without electric field (Ruggeri, 2005). Arrows show the direction of the hydraulic flux, and electroosmotic and ion migratory flow. The dark area is the cadmium-contaminated soil. EO, electro-osmosis EM, electro-migration (ion migration).

Hu et al. showed the preparation of highly porous nanorod-PANI-gra-phene nanocomposite films deposited onto the ITO substrate by in-situ electrochemical polymerization [135]. They used a reverse micelle technique by mixing oil and water in an aqueous solution of TritonX-100. The electro-migration of the ionic species is improved by the addition of dilute HNOj to the oil-water-surfactant solution followed by the polymerization of aniline monomer in presence of graphene dispersion. Figure 4.12 shows the schematic for the preparation of nanorod-PANI-graphene nanocomposites by reverse micelle in-situ electropolymerization technique. 

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