Granulocyte-macrophage effects

Dale DC, Liles WC, Llewellyn C, Price TH. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on neutrophil kinetics and function in normal human volunteers. Am J Hematol 1998 57 7-15. 

Broxmeyer HE, Sherry B, Lu L, et al. Myelopoietic enhancing effects of murine macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2 on colony formation in vitro by murine and human bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells. J Exp Med... 

Brandt, S J. et al., Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic reconstitution after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation, N. Engl. J Med, 318, 869, 1988. 

IL-6, which has no proliferative effect when acting alone but accelerates the formation of multilineage granulocyte-macrophage colonies induced by IL-3. 

Figure 5.1. Effects of glycosylation on the plasma concentration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in rats at 30 minutes after administration. The native, fully glycosylated and sialated GM-CSF is represented by the cylinder. GM-CSF with 2, 1, and 0 N-linked gly-cosyl groups (at amino-acid positions aspargine27 and asparagines37) are represented by the rectangle, tapered cylinder, and pyramid. (Data source Donahue et al. [17])...

In contrast to catechol and hydroquinone, phenol was a weak inducer of apoptosis in HL60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells, and had an apoptotic effect only at the highest concentration tested (0.75 mmol/L) (Moran et al., 1996). Phenol (< 10 mmol/L) had no effect on the colony formation of granulocytes/macrophages induced by a recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor of murine bone-marrow cells (Irons et al., 1992). 

Rakhmilevich, A.L., Imboden, M., Hao, Z., Macklin, M.D., Roberts, T., Wright, K.M. etal. (2001) Effective particle-mediated vaccination against mouse melanoma by co-adminis-tration of plasmid DNA encoding gp 100 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin. Cancer Res., 7, 952-961. 

M20. Mitjavila, M. T., Villeval, J. L., Cramer, P., Henri, A., Gasson, J., Krystal, G., Tulliez, M., Berger, R., Breton-Gorius, J., and Vainchenker, W., Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin on leukemic erythroid colony formation in human early erythroblastic leukemias. Blood 70, 965-973 (1987). 

Kapp, A., Zeck Kapp, G., Danner, M., and Luger, T. A. (1988) Human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor An effective direct activator of human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 91,49-55. 

Green JD, Snyder CA, LoBue J, et al. 1981a. Acute and chronic dose/response effects of inhaled benzene on multipotential hematopoietic stem (CFU-S) and granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GM-CFU-C) cells in CD-I mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58 492-503. 

Cytokine subfamily 2 includes proteins with heterodimeric a—(3 or ct-gpl30 receptors. Thus, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-GSF), IL-3 and IL-5 act via a—(3 receptors and share (3 receptors. Cardiotrophin-1 (GT-1), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CTNF), IL-6, IL-1, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) act via heterodimeric a-gpl30 receptors with a shared gpl30 receptor subunit. Leucocyte-derived cytokines of this family have immunomodulatory and haematopoietic effects. 

MIC caused dose-dependent necrosis of brain cells and muscle cells (Anderson et al, 1988) of rats in culture these findings could explain neuromuscular complaints in Bhopal victims. Exposure of mice to 1-3 ppm MIC was found to inhibit erythroid precursors, pluripotent stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor recovery from this inhibitory effect was found within 3 weeks after 1 ppm but not after 3 ppm (Hong et al, 1987). At higher concentrations of 6-15 ppm, MIC inhibited cell cycling in bone marrow, alveolar cells, and T lymphocytes (Conner et al., 1987 Shelby et al, 1987) similar data were reported by others (Tice et al, 1987 Mason et al, 1987). MIC can inhibit bone marrow cell proliferation in mice (Meshram and Rao, 1988). MIC can cause necrosis in whole-brain cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1990) and inhibit differentiation in muscle cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1988). 

Cetron JS, Bury RW, Lieschke GJ, Morstyn G. The effects of dose and route of administration on the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Eur J Cancer 1990 26 1064-9. 

Lieschke GJ, Maher D, Cebon J, O Connor M, Green M, Sheridan W, Boyd A, Railings M, Bonnem E, Metcalf D, et al. Effects of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. Ann Intern Med 1989 110(5) 357-64. 

Lang E, Cibull ML, Gallicchio VS, Henslee-Downey PJ, Davey DD, Messino MJ, Harder EJ. Proliferation of abnormal bone marrow histiocytes, an undesired effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor therapy in a patient with Hurler s syndrome undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Am J Hematol 1992 41(4) 280. ... 

Ragnhammar P, Friesen HJ, Frodin JE, Lefvert AK, Hassan M, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. Induction of antirecombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Escherichia co/i-derived) antibodies and clinical effects in nonimmunocompromised patients. Blood 1994 84(12) 4078-87. 

Yoshida Y, Nakahata T, Shibata A, Takahashi M, Moriyama Y, Kaku K, Masaoka T, Kaneko T, Miwa S. Effects of long-term treatment with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimmating factor m patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 1995 18(5-6) 457-63. 

Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, Soldini M, Barbarini G. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stunmatmg factor on HIV-related leukopenia a randomized, controlled cUnical study. AIDS 1997 11(12) 1453-61. 

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