Granulocyte activation

De Servi S, Mazzone A, Ricevuti G, et al. Granulocyte activation after coronary angioplasty in humans. Circulation 1990 82 140-146. 

Of 39 patients taking lithium, 18% had neutrophilia and 15% had raised activity of polymorphonuclear elas-tase (a marker of granulocyte activation) (345). In keeping with these observations, a chart review of 38 patients taking clozapine showed an increase in leukocyte count when lithium was added (42). A man with olanzapine-induced neutropenia (with a prior history of risperidone-induced neutropenia), which normalized with drug withdrawal, had no difficulty when the drug was reintroduced after the patient had been treated with lithium (43). 

Keatings VM, Barnes PJ. Granulocyte activation markers in induced sputum Comparison between chronic obstructive pul- 31. monary disease, asthma and normal subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. 

Thl cells also called inflammatory CD4 T cells, a subset of T cells that secrete the cytokines IL-2, IFNg, and lymphotoxin and are most useful against intracellular pathogens that are best attacked by a cell-mediated response involving macrophage and granulocyte activation. 

Schmaldienst S, Bohmig G, Pohanka E, Kovarik J, Zlabinger GJ. Evidence for granulocyte activation by OKT3. Transplant Proc 1992 24(6) 2600-2601. 

BsAb MDX-H210 (CD64 X HER-2/neu) has been tested alone and in conjunction with granulocyte-activating cytokines, namely G-CSF, IFN-y and... 

Formation of oxygen radicals has been demonstrated with human granulocytes and macrophages from mice by the chemiluminescence method. After 60 min preincubation with 50 Lig/ml expressed sap and suboptimal stimulation by Zymosan, a significant stimulation of granulocyte activity of 24% was observed [142, 143]. 

Studies from the Piedmont group indicate that vitamin E-blended UHMWPE was able to induce a PP2A-dependent increase in the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) release from granulocytes in the absence of the typical oxidative stress that is considered a hallmark of granulocytic activation [37]. These data emphasize the possibility that the use of vitamin-E-stabilized UHMWPE could modulate the in situ tissue remodeling and immune response through MMP-9 release and growth factor activation at the biomaterial-tissue interface. 

Castranova, V. Van Dyke, K. Analysis of oxidation of the membrane potential probe, Di-S-C3(5), during granulocyte activation. Microchem. J. 1984, 29, 151-161. 

Granulocyte activation has also been studied by microcalorimclry, stimulating cell phagocytosis with bacteria and latex particles [47] and yeast [50]. Other investigators have stimulated granulocytes with phorbol-12-myristale-13-acetate (51,52,53]. 

Thus, it appears that the interaction between granulocytes and erythrocytes during granulocyte activation occurs at haeme group of the erythrocytes, leading to metabolic stimulation of the erythrocytes with heat production. 

British investigators (Haddow and Timmis 1951) synthesized and studied esters of the methanesulfonic acid. The most active derivative was the dimethylsulfonic ester of 1,4-butanedione, known as busulfan. Busulfan interacts with the thiol groups of proteins and amino acids some of its metabolites can alkylate the thiols of cysteine, peptides and proteins. Busulfan exerts selective cytotoxic activity in hematopoietic bone marrow cells and inhibits the formation of granulocytes and platelets. It slightly affects the lymphoid tissue. 

P2Y Spleen, intestine, granulocytes AR- C67085MX > BzATPSATPyS > ATP Suramin > RB2, NF157, 5 -AMPS Gq/Gn and Ggl PLC-p activation... 

Proudfoot AE, Buser R, Borlat F et al (1999) Amino-terminally modified RANTES analogues demonstrate differential effects on RANTES receptors. J Biol Chem 274 32478-32485 Qin AP, Zhang HE, Qin ZH (2008) Mechanisms of lysosomal proteases participating in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Neurosci Bull 24 117-123 Richter R, Bistrian R, Escher S et al (2005) Quantum proteolytic activation of chemokine CCL15 by neutrophil granulocytes modulates mononuclear cell adhesiveness. J Immunol 175 1599-1608... 

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