Granule cell

Primary cultured cerebellar granule cells Increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] SR 48692 ... 

Rosa R, Rodriguez-Farre E, Sanfeliu C. 1996. Cytotoxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and cyclodienes in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278(1) 163-169. 

Bachis A, Mocchetti I (2004) The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and not the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediates gpl20 neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res 75(1) 75-82... 

Bagri A, Gurney T, He X, Zou YR, Littman DR, Tessier-Lavigne M, Pleasure SJ (2002) The chemokine SDFl regulates migration of dentate granule cells. Development 129 4249-4260... 

There have been a number of observations which show increased excitation and/or reduced inhibition in slices prepared from human epileptic brain tissue. Thus burst discharges can be evoked with stimuli that would not do so in normal animal tissue and these can be blocked by NMD A receptor antagonists. The inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in hippocampal dentate granule cells in slices prepared from temporal lobe epileptic tissue are in fact reduced by stimulation that activates NMDA currents (Isokawa 1996), which are more prolonged than usual and show changes in slope conductance. 

Isokawa, M (1996) Decrement of GABAa receptor mediated inhibitory postysynaptic currents in dentate granule cells in epileptic hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 75 1901-1908. 

Isokawa, M, Levesque, MF, Babb, TL and Engel Jr, J (1993) Single mossy fibre axonal systems of human dentate granule cells studied in hippo-campal slices from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 13 1511-1522. 

Isokawa, M, Levesque, M, Fried, I and Engel, J Jr (1997) Glutamate currents in morphologically identified human dentate granule cells in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurophysiol. 77 3355-3369. 

Central/Tertiary structures The fish olfactory bulb is a fourlayered structure much as in higher vertebrates. Within the 2nd layer, the first synapse for olfactory input is on the dendrites of the mitral cells (MC). About 1000 ORN axons converge on one MC, a ratio similar to mammals. The MC output, from cells at various levels, leads into several glomeruli and receives (inhibitory) input from granule cells. The latter also innervate a distinct cell type in the MC layer of teleosts — the ruffed cells (RC), with which they have reciprocal synapses [Fig. 2.18(a)] both relay cells send ascending fibres to forebrain centres (Kosaka and Hama, 1982). The RC are unlike the MC since they are not stimulated by the ORNs directly. Their interactions (Chap. 5) may contribute to the processing of pheromonal stimuli (Zippel, 2000). The main bulbar pathways project to several nuclei in the forebrain via two ipsilateral tracts, the lateral and medial [Fig. 2.18(b)], the latter mediates sexual behaviour and the former probably other behaviours (Hara,... 

Fig. 5.12 (a) Synaptic types along dendritic spines of M/T and GC units uni-, and bi-directional junctions, (b) Transmitter systems at a reciprocal synapse, Mitral-Granule cell junction. [Glu, glutamate (R, receptor) GABA, y-aminobutyric acid (R, receptor) E, intracellular effector and aAR, alpha-adrenergic receptor.]. (From Hayashi et al., 1993.)... 

Gouda M., Matsutani S Senba E. and Tohyama M. (1990). Peptidergic granule cell populations in the rat main and accessory olfactory bulb. Brain Res 512, 339-342. 

Anandamide is found in human brain 100 pmol/g in the hippocampus, 75 pmol/g in the thalamus, 60 pmol/g in the cerebellum, and 55 pmol/g in the striatum (Martin, 1999). The concentration of AEA increases postmortem, especially when the brain is kept at ambient temperature. Furthermore, AEA surges are observed when cerebellar granule cells are treated in hypoxic conditions (Hillard, 1997). Although such concentration increases may be artifacts of postmortem brain damage, they may also occur in living tissue under certain conditions, such as hypoxia. 

Wakabayashi K, Hansen LA, Vincent I, Mallory M, Masliah E. Neurofibrillary tangles in the dentate granule cells of patients with Alzheimer s disease, Lewy body disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol Berl 1997 93 7-12. 

Rat (Wistar) 3 wk 7 d/wk ad lib (W) 15 (increase in volume of mossy fiber zone, granule cell layer, and commissural association zone in hippocampus of offspring) Slomianka et al. 1989 PbAc... 

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