Granule cells glutamate

In cerebellar granule cells, glutamate-triggered, Ca -mediated cell death is independent of endogenous NO production (Lafon-Cazal et al. 1993). A rather inverted mechanism has been demonstrated in these neurones exposure to NO donors leads to stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, probably because NO-related species stimulate the release of endogenous agonists (Leist et al. 1997). This sort of stimulation eventually causes apoptosis (Bonfoco et al. 1996). 

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Fig. 5.12 (a) Synaptic types along dendritic spines of M/T and GC units uni-, and bi-directional junctions, (b) Transmitter systems at a reciprocal synapse, Mitral-Granule cell junction. [Glu, glutamate (R, receptor) GABA, y-aminobutyric acid (R, receptor) E, intracellular effector and aAR, alpha-adrenergic receptor.]. (From Hayashi et al., 1993.)... 

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Lazarewicz J. W., Wroblewski J. T., and Costa E. (1990). N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive glutamate receptors induce calcium-mediated arachidonic acid release in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem. 55 1875-1881. 

Atlante A., Gagliardi S., Minervini G. M., Ciotti M. T., Marra E., and Calissano P. (1997). Glutamate neurotoxicity in rat cerebellar granule cells A major role for xanthine oxidase in oxygen radical formation. J. Neurochem. 68 2038-2045. 

Aronica E, Dell Albani P, Condorelli DF et al (1993) Mechanisms underlying developmental changes in the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured cerebellar granule cells homologous desensitization and interactive effects involving N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Mol Pharmacol 44 981-9... 

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Cehers, G., Cehere, A., Wagner, A., Liljequist, S. (1999). Prolonged inhibition of glutamate reuptake down-regulates NMDA receptor fimctions in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem. 72 2181-90. 

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Huh K-H, Wenthold RJ. 1999. Turnover analysis of glutamate receptors identifies a rapidly degraded pool of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit, NRl, in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274 151-57... 

Heinbockel T, Ennis M. 2003. Granule cell-mediated lateral inhibition can be driven by metabotropic glutamate receptors. AchemS Abstr XXV 201. 

Fig. 5. Drawing of the brainstem depicting neurons and pathways likely to use glutamate as a neurotransmitter. 1 = primary afferent inputs to the dorsal column nuclei (a), the solitary tract nucleus (b), and the cochlear nucleus (c) 2 = granule cell/parallel fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus 3 = calyces of Held in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body 4 = cochlear nucleus inputs to the lateral superior olive 5 = input to the oculomotor nucleus from the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus 6 = input to the oculomotor nucleus from the abducens nucleus 7 = corticocollieular inputs 8 = spinal input to the periaqueductal gray 9 = inputs to the red nucleus and pontine nuclei from the cerebellar nuclei. For further details, see Section 3.3.

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