Gonadal development

Coady, K.K., Murphy, M.B., and Villeneuve, D.L. et al. (2004). Effects of atrazine on metamorphosis, growth, and gonadal development in the green frog (Rana clamitans). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues 67, 941-957. 

Hayes, T. (2005). Comment on. Gonadal development of larval male Xenopus laevis exposed to atrazine in outdoor microcosms. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 7757-7758. 

Metcalfe, T.L., Metcalfe, C.D., Kiparissis, Y. et al. (2000). Gonadal development and endocrine responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to o,p -T)DT in water or through maternal transfer. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 1893-1900. 

Om, S., Holbech, H., and Madsen, T.H. et al. (2003). Gonad development and vitellogenin production in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to ethinylestradiol and methyltestoster-one. Aquatic Toxicology 65, 397-411. 

Fiiedmaim AS, Watzin MC, Brinck-Johnsen T, Letter JC. 1996. Low levels of dietary methyl-mercury inhibit growth and gonadal development in juveiule walleye Stizostedion vitreum). Aquat Toxicol 35 265-278. 

Allen, Y, Scott, A.P., Matthiesen, R, Haworth, S., Thain, J.E., Feist, S. (1999b). Survey of oestrogenic activity in United Kingdom waters and its effects on gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18 1791-1800. 

Male and female gonadal development is discussed in section... 

The widespread detection of phthalate metabolites in human urine has produced questions about public-health risks, especially with regard to antiandrogen effects that can influence male gonadal development (Gray et al. 2000 Parks et al. 2000). The extrapolation from urinary biomonitoring results to exposure and risk assessment has been facilitated by calculations that convert urinary metabolite concentrations to intake dose of the parent phthalate (Koo et al. 2002 Koch et al. 2003 Kohn et al. 2000 David 2000). The parent diester phthalates are rapidly and completely metabolized to the monoester metabolites, which are rapidly cleared by the kidney. Those features allow one to assume that the daily excretion rate of metabolite is equal to the daily intake rate of the parent chemical. Furthermore,... 

Post-spawning (pre-wintering feeding). This period is marked by intensive lipid accumulation that will allow normal living of the population later, when food consumption has ceased or been much curtailed. Fish accumulate substantial reserves of triacyl-glycerols, and the content of creatine phosphate in the muscle and glycogen in the muscle and liver increase. A similar increase is found in the content of serum proteins, albumin in particular, which provides for future gonad development. The increase in protein continues, but is less than the accumulation of lipids. 

Endogenous feeding supervenes if the balance between matter and output of energy turns negative (starvation). Yet even under intensive gonad development... 

USEPA (2007). White paper on the potential for atrazine to affect amphibian gonadal development, in support of an Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision on Atrazine. Submitted to FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel, October 9-12. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Washington, DC. September 21. 

In light of all of the lines of evidence, atrazine does not cause endocrine-modulated or reproductive effects in amphibians at small concentrations such as are found in the environment (Solomon et al., 2005). The USEPA recently reviewed the literature and a comprehensive laboratory study and concluded that atrazine does not affect gonadal development in amphibians (USEPA, 2007). Given that atrazine does not cause these responses, it is unlikely that other structurally related chlorotriazines cause responses in frogs however, no studies on reproductive or endocrine effects of other triazines on amphibians have been reported in the literature. 

Jooste, A.M., L.H. Du Preez, J.A. Carr, J.P. Giesy, T.S. Gross, R.J. Kendall, E.E. Smith, G.J. Van Der Kraak, and K.R. Solomon (2005). Gonadal development of Xenopus laevis larvae exposed through larval development to atrazine in outdoor microcosms. Environ. Sci. 

Gonadal development and the hormones of the reproductive system are discussed in section 3.6.3. 

Hanley NA, Hagan DM, Clement-Jones M, Ball SG, Strachan T, Salas-Cortes L, McElreavey K, Lindsay S, Robson S, Bullen P, Ostrer H, Wilson Dl (2000) SRY, SOX9, and DAX1 expression patterns during human sex determination and gonadal development. Mech Dev, 91 403-407. 

Park SY Jameson JL (2005) Minireview Transcriptional regulation of gonadal development and differentiation. Endocrinology, 146(3) 1035-1042. 

Forest MG. Serum muUerian inhibiting substance assay—a new diagnostic test for disorders of gonadal development. N Engl J Med 1997 336 1519-21. 

Ackermann, G., J. Schwaiger, R. Negele and K. Fent. Effects of long-term nonylphenol exposure on gonadal development and biomarkers of estrogenicity in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 60 203-221, 2002. 

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