Goldfish

Goldfisher, Autocorrelation function and power spectral density of laser-produced speckle pattern . J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol.55, p.247(1965). 

Toxicity. Injection of aq Na perchlorate into rabbits caused no long term toxic effects. It behaved as a mild muscular poison, and large doses caused liver damage and diarrhea. Goldfish will live indefinitely in a 0.1% soln, but a 1% soln will cause asphyxia (Ref 4)... 

Alcohol sulfates are easily metabolized by mammals and fishes either by oral or intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. Several labeled 35S and 14C alcohol sulfates have been used to determine their metabolism in experiments with rats [336-340], dogs [339], swines [341], goldfish [342], and humans [339]. From all of these studies it can be concluded that alcohol sulfates are absorbed in the intestine of mammals and readily metabolized by to and p oxidation of the alkyl chain and excreted in the urine and feces, but are also partially exhaled as carbon dioxide. Fishes absorb alcohol sulfates through their gills and metabolize them in a similar way to that of mammals. 

Figure 10 shows the face of the anode. As indicated, there are doubtless some droplets of electrolyte moving in the channels. The fluorine moves these droplets along just like a gas lift pump lifts water in a goldfish bowl cleaner or a swimming pool vacuum. The electrolyte still does not wet the anode very well, but the low-energy situation makes it easier to move electrons from the electrolyte into the carbon base. 

CBs, like OPs, can cause a variety of sublethal neurotoxic and behavioral effects. In one study with goldfish Carrasius auratus), Bretaud et al. (2002) showed effects of carbofuran on behavioral end points after prolonged exposure to 5 pg/L of the insecticide. At higher levels of exposure (50 or 500 pg/L), biochemical effects were also recorded, including increases in the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The behavioral endpoints related to both swimming pattern and social interactions. Effects of CBs on the behavior of fish will be discussed further in Chapter 16, Section 16.6.1. 

Bretaud, S., Saglio, R, and Saligaut, C. et al. (2002). Chemical and behavioural effects of car-bofuran in goldfish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21, 175-181. 

Davy, F.B., Kleereko. H., and Matis, J.H. (1973). Effects of exposure to sublethal DDT on exploratory behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Water Resources Research 9, 900-905. 

Weisbart, M. and Eeiner, D. (1974). Sublethal effect of DDT on osmotic and ionic regnlation by goldfish Carassius auratus. Canadian Journal of Zoology—Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 52, 739-744. 

Zheng, W.B., Strobeck, C., and Stacey, N. (1997). The steroid pheromone 4-pregnen-17 alpha, 20 beta-diol-3-one increases fertility and paternity in goldfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2833-2840. 

Much evidence supports this scheme. For example, neuronal depolarisation increases the amount of free synapsin in the cytosol and microinjection of CAM kinase II into the terminals of the squid giant axon or brain synaptosomes increases depolarisation-evoked transmitter release. By contrast, injection of dephosphorylated synapsin I into either the squid giant axon or goldfish Mauthner neurons inhibits transmitter release. 

Cao Y., Oh B. and Stryer L. (1998). Cloning and localization of two multigene receptor families in goldfish olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95, 11987-11992. 

Dulka J. (1993). Sex pheromone systems in goldfish comparable to vomeronasal systems in Tetrapods Brain Behav Evol. 42, 265-280. 

Hanson L., Sorensen P. and Cohen Y. (1998). Sex pheromones and amino acids evoke distinctly different spatial patterns of electrical activity in the goldfish olfactory bulb. Ann NY Acad Sci 855, 521-524. 

Sorensen P.W., Hara T.J., Stacey N.E. and Goetz F. (1988). F-prostaglandins function as potent olfactory stimulants that comprise the post-ovulatory female sex pheromone in goldfish. Biol Reprod 39, 1039-1050. 

Zippel H., Gloger M., Luthje L., Nasser S., et al. (2000). Pheromone discrimina ability of olfactory bulb mitral and ruffed cells in the goldfish. Chem Senses 339-349. 

DDT and DFDT showed the expected high toxicity toward fish, but on the basis of the preliminary results DFDT appears to be one fifth to one tenth as toxic as DDT. Goldfish were more resistant to both compounds than was the wild gambusia. 

Hirai, T., Yamashita, M., Yoshikuni, M., Tokumoto, T., Kajiura, H., Sakai, N., and Nagahama, Y. (1992). Isolation and characterization of goldfish cdk2, a cognate variant of the cell cycle regulator cdc2. Dev. Biol. 152 113-120. 

Stehly, G. R., Hayton, W. L. (1990) Effect of pH on the accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol in goldfish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 464-470. 

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