Pentachlorophenol in goldfish

Stehly, G. R., Hayton, W. L. (1990) Effect of pH on the accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol in goldfish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 464-470. 

Kishino, T. and Kobayashi, K. 1980. A study on the absorption mechanism of pentachlorophenol in goldfish relating to its distribution between solvents and water. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46 1165-1168. 

Kobayshi, K., and T. Kishino. 1980. Effect of pH on the toxicity and accumulation of pentachlorophenol in goldfish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 46 167-170. 

Figure 8. The bioconcentration ratios of chlorophenols in goldfish at 1 h exposure to their media as a function of the difference between pH and pKa. 4-CP 4-chlorophenol, 2,5-DCP 2,5-dichlorophenol, 3,5-DCP 3,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-TCP 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, PCP pentachlorophenol, 2-CP 2-chlorophenol, 3-CP 3-chlorophenol, 2,4-DCP 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,3-DCP 2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-TCP 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-TCP 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,6-DCP 2,6-dichlorophenol. Reprinted from [185] Water Res., 29, Kishino, T. and Kobayashi, K. Relation between toxicity and accumulation of chlorophenols at various pH, and their absorption mechanism in fish , pp. 431-442. Copyright (1995), with permission from Elsevier...

Kobayashi, K., S. Kimura, and E. Shimizu. 1977. Studies on the Metabolism of Chlorophenols in Fish—IX. Isolation and Identification of Pentachlorophenols- -glucuronide Accumulated in Bile of Goldfish, Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 43, pp. 601-607. 

Initial uptake of phenols from water is rapid and followed by a steady state in concentrations, usually within one day of exposure. The resulting concentration factors are highly variable and may exceed 15,000 in the case of phenol. This may be compared with the CF of 770 reported for pentachlorophenol, 1850 for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and 180 for 3-nitro-phenol (Veith etal., 1979). Although data are limited, a number of factors may influence the uptake and concentration of phenols in tissues, one of the most important being pH. Kobayshi and Kishino (1980), for example, found that exposure of goldfish to pentachlorophenol resulted in a decrease in CFs from 125 to 10 as pH increased from 5.5 to 9.0. This can be attributed to an increase in the concentration of undissociated pentachlorophenol at lower pHs. It is also probable that chelators reduce the rate of uptake of phenols to fish, though there are few data to confirm this point. 

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