Glycols benzyl alcohol and

Frequently, ternary solvent systems are resorted to. Examples are water-propylene glycol-benzyl alcohol and water-propylene glycol-ethanol. In such cases the solubility profile is usually presentable by a ternary diagram [12]. This type of diagram usually demands a fair amount of work that is, solubility of the drug substance in many solvent compositions must... 

Dissolve Kollidon 17 PF in the mixture of propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol and water, add diclofenac sodium and stir until a clear solution is obtained. 

Physical Properties. All colourless liquids, completely miscible with water, except benzyl alcohol and cyclohexanol, which are slightly soluble. Pure glycol and glycerol have high viscosity, which falls as the hygroscopic liquids absorb water from the air. 

Ethylenediamine (70,71), benzyl alcohol and acetone (72), ethylene glycol (73) and C2—C g carboxyUc acids (74) are claimed to increase the reactivity of cellulose toward acetylation. Sodium hydroxide and Hquid ammonia (71) are excellent swelling agents and have been used to activate cellulose before esterification. Ultrasonic treatment of cellulose slurries (75) reportedly swells the fibers and improves reactivity. 

Kinetic studies of hexacyanoferrate(III) oxidations have included the much-studied reaction with iodide and oxidation of the TICI2 anion, of hydrazine and hydrazinium, and of phenylhydrazine and 4-bromophenylhydrazine. These last reactions proceed by outer-sphere mechanisms, and conform to Marcus s theory. Catalyzed [Fe(CN)g] oxidations have included chlororuthenium-catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexanol, ruthenium(III)-catalyzed oxidation of 2-aminoethanol and of 3-aminopropanol, ruthenium(VI)-catalyzed oxidation of lactate, tartrate, and glycolate, and osmium(VIII)-catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol and benzylamine. ... 

Benzyl acetate is quite soluble in lipids and therefore readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and lung, as well as through the skin, in the species investigated. The absorption after oral administration in the rat was delayed if it was administered in com oil or propylene glycol as compared to neat [wet/zy/ene- Cjbenzyl acetate (Chidgey Caldwell, 1986) the peak plasma concentration of benzyl acetate-derived radioactivity occurred later after 1 h versus 4-6 h) and was lower at a 500 mg/kg benzyl acetate dose at 5 mg/kg benzyl acetate, there was no difference. The urinary excretion of the metabolites was also delayed by com oil, but the extent of absorption seemed not to be affected more than 80% was absorbed and excreted within 24 h, mainly in urine and, ultimately, less than 5% in faeces. In plasma and urine, no intact benzyl acetate was detected at any time only its metabolites were present (Chidgey Caldwell, 1986). Benzyl acetate is rapidly hydrolysed by esterases to benzyl alcohol and acetate (Yuan et al., 1995). These esterases are present in plasma and probably also in the tissues it is... 

Phenol AlcohoLs— Just as the aromatic alcohols are isomeric with certain phenols, e.g., benzyl alcohol and the cresols, so a di-hydroxyl compound derived from phenyl ethane, in which one hydroxyl group is in the side chain and the second one is in the ring, is isomeric with phenyl glycol. 

Many excipients have been associated with adverse reactions in those ingesting drugs and vitamin/mineral formulations containing these compoundsJ78 79 Antioxidants (e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium and potassium bisulfites, and metabisulfites), bacterial preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride), artificial sweeteners (e.g., aspartame and saccharine), coloring agents (e.g., FD C yellow 5, blue 2, and red 40), and propylene glycol. A few examples of the toxic effects of these follow. 

The wettability of the PE powders was evaluated in terms of contact angle using the Washburn method [7] with benzyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. Each contact angle value corresponds to the mean value of three measurements. The accuracy of the results is 3°. 

Observational studies Neonatal exposure to benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, pharmaceutical excipients present in parenteral medications, has been studied retrospectively in a neonatal and pediatric intensive unit in a tertiary care university hospital [8 ]. In 170 randomly selected episodes of exposure to parenteral medications containing benzyl alcohol ( = 88) or propylene glycol ( = 82), there were a wide range of cumulative doses of the excipients. The median cumulative dose was 4.5 mg/kg/day for benzyl alcohol and 205 mg/kg/day for... 

Shehab N, Lewis CL, Streetman DD, Donn SM. Exposure to the pharmaceutical excipients benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol among critically ill neonates. Pediatr... 

Equation (5a) applies to all the polar liquids which we have investigated, from rather viscous substances such as glycerol, or tetra and tri-ethylene glycol, to fairly inviscid fluids such as water, formamide, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and the simplest alcohols from methanol to at least 1-octanol. It holds also at all the salt concentrations we have investigated (up to 1 molar), and for all the types of solutes tried, from alkali halides to larger (X ganic salts sudi as tetrabutyl ammonium halides. 

Because of their crystallinity, the nylons are soluble at room temperature only in liquids capable of interaction with the polymer. Thus nylons dissolve in strong proton donors such as acetic acid, formic acid and phenols. Liquids of similar high solubility parameter, e.g., alcohols, have some swelling action and even readily dissolve some copolymers. Nitrobenzene, benzyl alcohol and glycols are effective solvents at elevated temperatures towards most other organic solvents, fuels and oils nylons show outstanding resistance. 

Ottani, S. and Comelli, F. (2005). Excess enthalpies of biary mixtures containing poly(propylene glycols) + benzyl alcohol, or + i -cresol, or + anisole at 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Ther-mochim. Acta 4i0,123-128. 

Observational studies Exposures to the potentially harmful pharmaceutical excipients benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol... 

FRA Francesconi, R., Castellari, C., Comelh, F., and Ottani, S., Thermodynamic study of binary mixtures containing glycols or polyethylene glycols + benzyl alcohol at 308.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49, 363, 2004. 

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