Glycol and derivatives

Propyleneglycols and Derivatives. See under 1,2- and 1,3-Propane Diol and Derivatives in this Vol. For "Propyleneglycol , see under Glycols and Derivatives in Vol 6, G112-L to G114-R. Addnl propyleneglycol compds of interest are presented next... 

Smyth HE Jr, Seaton J, Fisher L Dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 23 259, 1941... 

Totten, G.E., Clinton, N.A. and Matlock, P.L., Poly(ethylene glycol) and derivatives as phase transfer catalysts, J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1998, C38, 77. 

It is necessary to note the application of the ethoxide in the synthesis of GeH4 (on reaction with NaAlH4) [1804] and that of glycols and derivatives of diatomic phenols for the preparation of cyclic ethers [51, 796, 1123, 1183, 1404, 1486] and germocins [572]. Phenoxides are proposed as catalysts of terephtalate polycondensation [827]. The application of Ge(OEt)4 in the sol-gel discussed in Chapter9. 

The electrochemical route (2) can be applied only for the synthesis of Bi(OMe)3, which is insoluble in the parent alcohol (in the other alcohols it was the electrochemical refinement of metal that took place) [967], The glycolates and derivatives of polyatomic phenols stable to hydrolysis have been obtained on alcoholysis ofBi203 [1808, 1352, 684, 559]. 

For TSCA purposes, SRU names are used only for several types of common polymer backbones in which the structure of the polymer is known or reasonably ascertained to consist of repeating units instead of being random, and where there is a reported average number of SRU, a variable range of SRU, or an unknown number of SRU. Polymers identified with SRU names on the Inventory include certain polyethylene glycols and derivatives, certain polypropylene glycols and their derivatives, and siloxanes and silicones. 

Boatman RJ, Knaak JB (2001) Ethers of ethylene glycol and derivatives. In Bingham E, Cohrsson B, Powell CH (eds) Patty s toxicology (5th ed). Wiley, NY, NY Bolger MB (2010) Simulations-Plus, Inc., Lancaster, CA. Memo to Kurt Enslein, Enslein Research, Rochester, NY. 

Smith HF, Seaton J, Fischer L 1941 The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 23[6] 259-268... 

These derivatives are generally liquids and hence are of little value for characterisation the polyhydric alcohols, on the other hand, afford solid benzoates. Thus the benzoates of ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol and glycerol melt at 73°, 58°, and 76° respectively (see Section 111,136). 

Another method for the hydroxylation of the etliylenic linkage consists in treatment of the alkene with osmium tetroxide in an inert solvent (ether or dioxan) at room temperature for several days an osmic ester is formed which either precipitates from the reaction mixture or may be isolated by evaporation of the solvent. Hydrolysis of the osmic ester in a reducing medium (in the presence of alkaline formaldehyde or of aqueous-alcoholic sodium sulphite) gives the 1 2-glycol and osmium. The glycol has the cis structure it is probably derived from the cyclic osmic ester ... 

The addition of certain glycols and polyols to acroleki leads to the production of cycHc acetal derivatives. 

Cyclopropane Derivatives. 2,2-Dimethylcyclopropanenitrile [5722-11-2] (4) has been made by preparing the di-/)-toluenesulfonate of neopentyl glycol and treating the diester with potassium cyanide (35). 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

The properties of polymers formed by the step growth esterification (1) of glycols and dibasic acids can be manipulated widely by the choice of coreactant raw materials (Table 1) (2). The reactivity fundamental to the majority of commercial resins is derived from maleic anhydride [108-31-6] (MAN) as the unsaturated component in the polymer, and styrene as the coreactant monomer. Propylene glycol [57-55-6] (PG) is the principal glycol used in most compositions, and (i9f2v (9)-phthahc anhydride (PA) is the principal dibasic acid incorporated to moderate the reactivity and performance of the final resins. 

Ionic polymers are also formulated from TDI and MDI (43). Poly(urethane urea) and polyurea ionomers are obtained from divalent metal salts of /)-aminohen2oic acid, MPA, dialkylene glycol, and 2,4-TDI (44). In the case of polyureas, the glycol extender is omitted. If TDI is used in coatings apphcations, it is usually converted to a derivative to lower the vapor pressure. A typical TDI prepolymer is the adduct of TDI with trimethyl olpropane (Desmodur L). Carbodiimide-modified MDI offers advantages in polyester-based systems because of improved hydrolytic stabihty (45). Moisture cure systems based on aromatic isocyanates are also available. 

Salts and Derivatives. Generally the vitamers are high melting crystalline soHds that are very soluble in water and insoluble in most other solvents. Properties of the common forms are Hsted in Table 1. The only commercially important form of vitamin B is pytidoxine hydrochloride (7). This odorless crystalline soHd is composed of colorless platelets melting at 204—206°C (with decomposition). In bulk, it appears white and has a density of - 0.4 kg/L. It is very soluble in water (ca 0.22 kg/L at 20°C), soluble in propylene glycol, slightly soluble in acetone and alcohol (ca 0.014 kg/L), and insoluble in most lipophilic solvents. A 10% water solution shows a pH of 3.2. Both the hydrochloride and corresponding free base sublime without decomposition (16). 

Pyrimidines have also served as electrophiles in crown synthesis from this group. 4,6-Dichloropyrimidine reacts with diethylene glycol and sodium hydride in anhydrous xylene solution to form the 20-crown-6 derivative as well as the other products shown in Eq. (3.48). Note that a closely related displacement on sy/rr-trichlorotriazine has been reported by Montanari in the formation of polypode molecules (see Eq. 7.5). 

Kawakami, Suzuki and Yamashita showed that compound 7, among many others, could be polymerized to derivatives of the corresponding open-chained species by treatment with boron trifluoride ether complex. Yamashita and Kawakami formed these same sorts of materials by heating the glycols and paraformaldehyde in the presence of toluenesulfonic acid. This led to prepolymers which were then thermally depolymerized to afford the cyclic oligomers which were separated by fractional distillation. 

Bromophenol blue (3.0...4.6) aliphatic carboxylic acids [225 — 228] malonic and lactic acids [229] palmitic and lactic acids [230] malonic, glycolic, malic, citric, tartaric, ketoglutaric, galacturonic and oxalic acids [196] dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid [231] indoleacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid [232] palmitic acid, palmityl- and stearyllactic acid [223] benzoic, sorbic and salicylic acid [234] metabolites of ascorbic acid [235] chloropropionic acid [236] oligogalacturonic acids [237] amino acids, hydrocarbons, mono-, di- and triglycerides [238] xylobiose, xylose, glucose and derivatives [239] sugar alcohols [91] toxaphene [240]... 

However, when the reaction was carried out in a mixture of ethylene glycol and toluene and followed by hydrolysis the 2-keto derivative 42 was obtained in 54% yield, presumably via the more stable ene-hydrazine intermediate 41. 

Dioxolane derivatives, which are obtained from methoxybutenone and glycols and used as antifungicides, and squalene synthetase inhibitors have been described (94MI1). The reactions of mono- and oligosaccharides with... 

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