Manufacturing glasses

Most of the acid-grade spar used for HF production ia the United States is imported. More than two-thkds of the fluorspar consumed ia the United States goes iato production of HF nearly 30% is consumed as a flux ia steelmaking and the remainder is consumed ia glass manufacture, enamels, welding rod coatings, and other end uses or products (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic-calcium). 

Hexafluorozirconic acid is used ia metal finishing and cleaning of metal surfaces, whereas the fluorozirconates are used in the manufacture of abrasive grinding wheels, in aluminum metallurgy, ceramics industry, glass manufacturing, in electrolytic cells, in the preparation of fluxes, and as a fire retardant (see Abrasives Metal surface treati nts). 

Fig. 12. Glass manufacture. Temperatures are for common soda—lime glass. Other glasses may require appreciably different temperatures.

F. V. Tooley, ed.. The Handbook of Glass Manufacture, Ashlee Publishing Co., New York, 1984. 

Refractories made usiag alumiaas are used ia the iroa and steel, chemical and petroleum, ceramics and glass manufacture, minerals processiag (cement, lime, etc), pubHc utilities, waste iaciaeration, and power generation iadustries. 

Glass Storage. Processed glass is stored on concrete pads or in sUo bins until deUvered to glass manufacturers. 

Additionally, it is a source of sodium oxide and a fluidizing agent. The amount of sodium nitrate added in the glass manufacture process is up to 2 wt % of the total raw material. 

In the float-glass process, adopted by all leading plate-glass manufacturers, the molten glass is allowed to float and soHdify on the surface of a pool of molten tin which provides an ideally flat surface. The endless glass ribbon has a surface so smooth that cosdy grinding and polishing are unnecessary. 

In 1989, 30% of the barium carbonate produced was used in glass manufacturing, 30% in brick and clay products, 20% in the manufacture of barium chemicals, 5% in the manufacture of barium ferrites, 5% in the production of photograpliic papers, and 10% in miscellaneous uses. 

A value of Ai/298 —199.2 8.4 kJ/mol (—47.61 2.0 kcal/mol) has been calculated for this reaction, which is of considerable economic importance to glass manufacturers because 2 3 during glass (qv) processing are gready increased by the presence of water. For this reason anhydrous borates or... 

The float glass manufacturing process was developed by PHkington Brothers Ltd. of England in 1959. It starts with a large continuous tank furnace... 

Cadmium Fluoride. Elemental fluorine reacts with cadmium metal as well as the oxide, sulfide, and chloride to give CdF2 [7790-79-6]. Alternatively, treatment of CdCO with 40% HF yields a solution of CdF2, which may be evaporated to recover efflorescent crystals of the dihydrate. CdF2 has been used in phosphors, glass manufacture, nuclear reactor controls, and electric bmshes and in 1991 sold as a pure electronic grade (99.99%) at l/g. 

CdSe forms sohd solutions with CdS which are used as pigments ranging ia color from orange to deep maroon and are called cadmium sulfoselenides. Other uses are ia photocells, rectifiers, lumiaous paiats, and as a mby colorant for glass manufacture. CdSe currentiy sells for 1.50/g as phosphor-grade (99.999% purity) material. 

Early bottling of flavored carbonated beverages was limited by spoilage, poor flavor, and color stabiUty. Improvements and innovations in bottling equipment, glass manufacturing, stable flavors and ingredients, crown closures, and transportation resulted in the rapid expansion of the bottled soft drink industry. Soft drinks consist of carbonated water, nutritive or nonnutritive sweeteners, acidulants, preservatives, flavors, juices, and color. 

Other dimer acid markets include intermediates for nitriles, amines and diisocyanates. Dimers are also used in polyurethanes, in corrosion inhibition uses other than for downweU equipment, as a "mildness" additive for metal-working lubricants, and in fiber glass manufacture. 

Steel Plants Electric Arc Furnaces and Argon-Oxygen Decarhurization Vessels Constructed after August 7, 1983 Kraft Pulp Mills Glass Manufacturing Plants Grain Elevators... 

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

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