Laminated glass manufacturing

Products. Damping treatments are available from many manufacturers in sheet form, as tapes for adhering to a surface, and in bulk form for spraying or troweling onto a surface. Laminated glass is available from many glass suppHers (see Laminated materials, glass). 

Laminated glass is used for solar control, particularly where a highly reflective surface is not desired and where the laminate contributes other benefits. In these applications, a uniformly pigmented interlayer is obtained from the manufacturer and the laminate can be prepared by the conventional process. Broad ranges of colors and transmission levels are available with shading coefficients as low as 0.41. Pigmented interlayer is considered to be more... 

A small amount of a Polyfvinyl butyral) solution is spread on a glass plate and evaporated slowly to create a thin film.Then the breaking behavior of the laminated glass plate is determined. Polyfvinyl butyral) foils are used for the manufacture of safety glass, for example, windshields in cars. 

Laminated Glass. About 1.5 x 108 m2 of safety glazing interlayer was manufactured worldwide in 1994. About 75% of this was used for vehicle windshields and most of the rest was used for laminated architectural glazing (88,89) and a variety of security glass applications (90). Major producers of interlayer for laminated glass are Monsanto (Saflex), the largest producer, followed by DuPont (Butacite), Sekisui (S Lec) and Hbls (Trosofoil). 

Laminates can be prepared by either abrasion or the tear-ply technique. In the tear-ply design, the laminate is manufactured so that one ply of heavy fabric, such as Dacron, glass, or the equivalent, is attached at the bonding surface. Just prior to bonding, the tear-ply is stripped away, and a fresh, clean, hondable surface is exposed. 

In the manufacture of epoxy composite products, for example by lamination, glass fibres, woven cloth, and roving and chopped mat are impregnated with an epoxy resin/curing agent matrix. Glass fibres usually form composites with a DGEBA epoxy resin/diamine... 

Industrial laminates are composed of two or more webs in sheet form that have been impregnated with a thermosetting resin and molded under heat and pressure. The web is usually made of cellulose paper, cotton fabric, glass cloth, glass mat, asbestos paper, wood veneer, and similar materials. Laminates are manufactured in sheets, rods, tubes, and special shapes, which can be machined by... 

Poly(vinyl acetals). Poly(vinyl formal) and poly(vinyl butyral) are used in solution as primers, in combination with phenoUc resins for specialty reactive adhesives, and as films for the manufacture of laminated glass. 

A new rapid prototyping technique. Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), was described [230]. It was shown that, when properly treated, LOM molds can be used in conjunction with the RTM process to produce prototype composite parts from a VER toughened with unidirectional E-glass fiber... 

Perhaps the accolade which best suits the nearly half-century-old product of glass/plasticized polyvinyl butyral/glass is from John St. Clair. In his article on the manufacture of laminated glass, Mr. St. Clair comments that he is not aware of any laminated glass made with polyvinyl butyral which could have been said to have failed through old age. A history of the product is available in Refs. 58-61. 

A modem use of uranine is in the manufacture of fluorescent laminates, eg, sheets, glass, and plastic films, that are transparent to electromagnetic waves and visible light rays (45). Such material might be used in windows, viewing partitions, and optical lenses. 

Applications. During 1994, about 68,000 t of unplasticized PVB was manufactured worldwide. Of this, the overwhelming majority, about 66,000 t, was plasticized and extmded into sheet for use in laminated safety glass. Only about 2,300 t of unplasticized PVB was used for noninterlayer apphcations. 

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