Manufacturing of Glass

When the intimately mixed batch is chaiged into the hot furnace, a series of melting, dissolution, volatization and redox reactions take place between the materials in a particular order and at the appropriate temperature. 

Dissolution of the more refractory grains, such as sand, is created by fluxes, e.g. sodium carbonate. 

Finally at about 780 °C, a mixture approaching an eutectic liquid is formed. 

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As ceric sulfate is used extensively as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. 

Potassium acetate is very soluble and is used in the manufacture of glass (qv), as a buffer (see Hydrogen-ION activity) or a dehydrating agent, and in medicine as a diuretic (see Diuretic agents). It is dehquescent and is used as a softening agent for papers and textiles. 

Soluble sodium sibcate glass sobd and bquid (anhydrous). Excludes quantities consumed in the manufacture of meta-, ortho-, and sesquisibcates. Includes quantities consumed in the manufacture of glass powder, hydrated glasses, and precipitated products. Shipment figures include unspecified amounts shipped to other plants for the manufacture of meta-, ortho-, or sesquisibcates. 

Uses. Tballium compounds have limited use in industrial appHcations. The use of thaHous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harmful to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Tb allium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. ThaHous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Tb allium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in organic synthesis in researchlaboratoti.es. 

During the manufacture of glass, considerable dust, with particles averaging about 300 /xm in size, will be emitted. Some dusts may also be emitted from the handling of the raw materials involved. Control of this dust to prevent a nuisance problem outside the plant is a necessity. When glass is blown or formed into the finished product, smoke and gases can be released from the contact of the molten glass with lubricated molds. These emissions are quite dense but of a relatively short duration. 

Manufacture of glass and glass products (furnace department) SOO-1000... 

Sodium carbonate is a white powder used in the manufacture of glass. When hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas is formed (Figure 8.8). The equation for the reaction is... 

The products of this electrolysis have a variety of uses. Chlorine is used to purify drinking water large quantities of it are consumed in making plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hydrogen, prepared in this and many other industrial processes, is used chiefly in the synthesis of ammonia (Chapter 12). Sodium hydroxide (lye), obtained on evaporation of the electrolyte, is used in processing pulp and paper, in the purification of aluminum ore, in the manufacture of glass and textiles, and for many other purposes. 

Although sodium carbonate is needed in the manufacture of glass, very little is found in nature. It is made using two very abundant chemicals, calcium carbonate (marble) and sodium chloride (salt). The process involves many steps, but the overall reaction is... 

This method of making soda ash is called the Solvay process. Discovered in 1861 by Belgian businessman Ernest Solvay (1838-1922), the Solvay process was used in the commercial production of soda ash in the 1870s, and it is still in use today. Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass and soap. It is also used in the bleaching process for paper and cloth. 

Let us consider a difficult example of sampling of mined materials (sand, dolomite, and limestone) used for the manufacture of glass. The materials are delivered in railroad cars each may contain up to 2 tons of material and are susceptible to vertical separation on the basis of size and density of particles because of vibrations during transportation [8]. To obtain a representative sample, sampling is done with a hollow... 

Pure arsenic is presently used as a component of alloys (e.g., with lead to produce hunting ammunition). Arsenic compounds are also used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and tanning industries, in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and as pesticides in agriculture and fruit-farming (Nriagu and Azcue, 1990). 

Boric acid (boracic acid H BO ) is used for the manufacture of glass, welding, mattress batting, cotton textiles, and a weak eyewash solution. 

Uses. In the manufacture of semiconductors, injection lasers, and solar cells in the manufacture of glass, graphite, and cathode oscillographs in metal alloys to prevent corrosion and metal fatigue... 

Uses. Manufacture of glass, porcelain, and pottery metal casting sandblasting granite cutting manufacture of refractory, grinding, and scouring compounds... 

Beryllium fluoride is the intermediate compound in the magnesium-reduction process to produce beryllium metal. The compound also is used in the manufacture of glass, and in nuclear reactors. 

Anhydrous borax is used in the manufacture of glasses, glass wool, and metallurgical fluxes. Other uses are in enamels, frits, and glazes. It also is applied in fertilizers. 

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