Ginseng receptor

Panax ginseng X Macrophage Fc receptor expression enhancer, lL-6 production enhancer, nerve growth factor secretion enhancer [3, 67-69]... 

Structural characterization of a novel rhamnogalactm onan II with macrophage Fc receptor expression enhancing activity from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer... 

Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Harada K, Kashimoto T, Miyate Y, Kakizaki A and Takahashi E (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. European Journal of Pharmacology, 369, 23-32. 

Nakaya, T.A. et ah, Panax ginseng induces production of proinflammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor, J Interferon Cytokine Res, 24, 93, 2004. 

Lee, H., Gonzalez, F. J., and Yoon, M. (2006a). Ginsenoside Rf, a component of ginseng, regulates lipoprotein metabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 339,196-203. 

Monoamines Ginseng has complex effects on endogenous monoamines. After two weeks of treatment, turnover of dopamine and norepinephrine is increased in the cerebral cortex, and serotonin turnover is increased in the striatum and cerebellum (Itoh et al. 1989). However, dopamine turnover in the striatum is reduced, as is serotonin in the hypothalamus and midbrain. After seven weeks of treatment, on the other hand, serotonin turnover in the cerebellum is increased, but turnover of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is reduced in all other areas studied. Ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl decrease 5-HT levels or reduce 5-HT turnover (Zhang et al. 1991). There is no specific binding observed of Rgl and Rbl adrenergic (ol o2, or j8), dopamine, or 5-HT receptors. 

Chronic (5 day) oral ginseng extract alters striatal D2 receptors in aged rats, but acute administration does not affect either D1 or D2 receptors (Watanabe et al. 1991). 

Ca2+ channels Ginseng extract rapidly and reversibly inhibits high-threshold, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in micromolar doses (Nah and McCleskey 1994 Nah et al. 1995). This effect is mediated by a receptor linked to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, but it is not through o2 adrenergic, GABAB, muscarinic, or opioid receptors (Nah and McCleskey 1994). Several ginsenosides inhibit Ca2+ currents by 16 to... 

Majonoside-R2, a saponin found in Vietnamese ginseng restores the deficit in pentobarbital sleep caused by the stress of social isolation (Nguyen et al. 1997). This effect appears to be mediated by the neurosteroid receptor on the GABAA receptor. 

The effects of ginseng on motor activity are highly variable. An oral dose of 1.8% ginseng extract decreases spontaneous activity in young rats, but increases it in aged rats (Watanabe et al. 1991). The increase in activity in aged rats corresponds with reduced striatal D2 receptors. Thus, results vary across ginsenosides, the age of subjects, and chronicity of administration. 

Nah SY, McCleskey EW. (1994). Ginseng root extract inhibits calcium channels in rat sensory neurons through a similar path, but different receptor, as mu-type opioids. J Ethnopharmacol. 42(1) 45-51. Nah SY, Park HJ, McCleskey EW. (1995). A trace component of ginseng that inhibits Ca2+ channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92(19) 8739-43. 

Sunderland T, Tariot PN, Newhouse PA. (1988). Differential responsivity of mood, behavior, and cognition to cholinergic agents in elderly neuropsychiatric populations. Brain Res. 472 4y. 371-89. Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Flarada K, Kashimoto T, Miyate Y, Kakizaki A, Takahashi E. (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. EurJ Pharmacol 369(1) 23-32. Tagami M, Ikeda K, Yamagata K, Nara Y, Fujino FI, Kubota A, Numano F, Yamori Y. (1999). Vitamin E prevents apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lab Invest. 79(5) 609-15. 

Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the prolactin receptor, was active . Protein synthesis stimulation. Sterol fraction of the extract, in cell culture at a concentration of 25 (xg/mL, produced weak activity on CA-LNCAP. A concentration of 50 (xg/mL was active on CA-PC3 h PSA production inhibition. Ethanol (70%) extract of PC-SPES (a Chinese herb combination of chrysanthemum, dyers woad, licorice, reishi, san-qi ginseng, rabdosia, saw palmetto, and baikal skullcap), in cultured prostate cancer cell line at variable doses for 24 hours, produced a significant effect in supressing cell growth in all the cell lines h... 

Pearce PT, Zois I, Wynne KN, Funder JW. Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts—in vitro studies on binding to steroid receptors. Endocrinol Jpn... 

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