Gingko

In nearly every pharmacy, supermarket, and health food store, you can find bottles of antioxidants and antioxidant-rich natural products, such as fish oils, Gingko biloba leaves, and wheat grass. These dietary supplements are intended to help the body control its population of radicals and, as a result, slow aging and degenerative diseases such as heart failure and cancer. 

Leaves of the Gingko biloba tree, which originated in China. Extracts of these leaves are thought to have antioxidant properties. Some also believe that the extracts improve thinking ability by increasing oxygen flow to the brain. 

Steam gasification and combustion kinetics of gingko nut shell in a Thermobalance Reactor... 

The analyses of the gingko nut shell used in this study are shown in Table 1. 

The thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves of the gingko nut shell are shown in Fig. 2 where the moisture losses take place up to 200°C followed by the pyrolysis reaction. Then, the major weight loss due to the main degradation occurs at around 360°C. This zone is referred to as the active pyrolysis zone where the evolution of volatile compounds occurs during decomposition of the primary hemi-cellulose and cellulose [5]. 

The shrinking core and the volume-reaction models have been examined to interpret the conversion-time data of combustion and steam gasification of the gingko nut shell char [4]. The shrinking core model provides the better agreement with the experimental data. With the shrinking core model, the relationship between [1-(1-X) ] and the reaction time t at 350°C -... 

Fig. 3 Plot of the conversion fraction of the gingko nut shell char vs. the reaction time (s) in the gasification reaction. (H2O 0.4 atm).

Fig. 6 ComparisoB of the model Fig. 7 Arrhenius plot of the gasification rate predictions with the experimental data. for the gingko nut shell char. (HjOrO.datm)...

Therefore, the steam gasification reaction rate of the gingko nut shell-char can be represented by the following kinetic equation as ... 

Clinicians should ask patients if they take any herbs and supplements, as they may not volunteer this information. The most common herbs and supplements that patients ask about are vitamins, melatonin, valerian, and coenzyme Q10. There is very little support for using creatinine, gingko, ginseng, green tea, ginger, yohimbine, and St lohn s wort in patients with PD. Patients should be cautioned that supplements and herbs are not well controlled by the FDA and may not contain the amounts indicated on the label. Melatonin and valerian may improve insomnia, but they are not commonly used because there is insufficient information in PD patients.39... 

Complementary and alternative medicine therapies, such as acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, dietary supplements, herbal therapy, and homeopathic preparations, are used by individuals with allergic rhinitis.29,30 Use of bromelain, gingko, ginseng, licorice, quercetin, and Urtica dioica has been reported, but large-scale studies documenting efficacy are lacking.31,32 Caregivers should inquire routinely about patients use of alternative therapies and counsel patients about the lack of validated data to support such practices.12... 

FIGURE 1.4 Structures of flavonoids and terpenoids from Gingko biloba. 

Fig. 2.47. Chromatographic fingerprints from Rhizoma chuanxiong using gradient elution 1 (a) and 2 (b). Chromatographic fingerprints of a standard extract (c), one extract (d) and one product (e) of Gingko biloba at 360 nm. Peak 1 represents luteolin. Reprinted with permission from F. Gong el al. [147].

Cano-Cuenca B, Algarra JM, Perez Del Valle B, Pellicer P. (1995). [The effect of Gingko biloba on cochleovestibulary pathology of vascular origin]. An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 22(6) 619-29. 

Pietta PG, Gardana C, Mauri PL. (1997). Identification of Gingko biioba flavonol metabolites after oral administration to humans. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 693(1) 249-55. 

The subject of intense research, nitrocytoprotectors (piracetam, gingko biloba, almitrine/raubasine) are searching for their role in acute phase treatment. In certain countries, available drugs have been used in the functional rehabilitation phase (cognitive benefit). BN 80933 is an anti-free radical and anti-NO synthetase molecule which appears to have a powerful curative effect in animals. 

Vertigo and tinnitus are difficult to treat conditions for which ginkgo is frequently recommended. At least two trials support the use of gingko extract for vertigo, but the evidence for tinnitus remains inconclusive. 

Gingko biloba standardized extract/flavonoids and ginkgolide... 

Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) [1] Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) [2] Gingko biloba L. (gingkoaceae) [3] Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) [4] Ononis speciosa lag (Leguminosae) [5]... 

Galluzi S, Zanetti O, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Erisoni GB. Coma in a patient with Alzheimer s disease taking low dose trazodone and Gingko biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000 68 679-680. 

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