Germination

Oilseed rape has been selected as the model plant for our production system because of its high protein content, rapid sprouting, large number of seeds, efficient 

Molecular Farming. Edited by Rainer Fischer, Stefan Schillberg Copyright 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 3-527-30786-9 

The seeds of dicotyledonous plants have two cotyledons, or seed leaves, which are part of the embryo. The cotyledons usually are the main storage tissue, although in some plants (such as castor bean) the endosperm also has a storage function. During development in the field, seeds gradually accumulate storage oils, proteins and carbohydrates (Table 3.1). In the seed, the cotyledon structure is relatively simple. The remainder of the embryo, the embryonic axis, consists mostly of undifferentiated cells, but provascular tissue can be detected that develops into vascular tissue in the seedling. 

In monocotyledonous plants, including all the cereals, storage proteins are found mainly in the endosperm. The major storage compounds are carbohydrates rather 

The major rapeseed storage proteins are a 12S type globulin, called cruciferin, which makes up 60% of the total protein, and a 2S type albumin, called napin, which makes up 20% of the total protein [9, 10]. Both of these proteins are formed in embryonic cells and stored in specialized vacuoles known as protein bodies. 

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Diastase or amylase is formed when malt is produced by the germination of barley grains. Malt is therefore a good source of the enzyme. Diastase is also secreted by the salivary glands (when it is known as ptyalin), and also by the pancreas. Its function is to hydrolysef starch to a mixture of maltose and dextrin ... 

D. J. Reed, E. N. Dost, and C. H. Want, "Inorganic Eluoride Propellant Oxidizers, Vol. 1 Their Effects Upon Seed Germination and Plant... 

The estabhshment of safe thermal processes for preserving food in hermetically sealed containers depends on the slowest heating volume of the container. Heat-treated foods are called commercially sterile. Small numbers of viable, very heat-resistant thermophylic spores may be present even after heat treatment. Thermophylic spores do not germinate at normal storage temperatures. 

GibberelHc acid is also used successfliUy in rice culture to promote seed germination and the growth of semidwarf varieties. The treated seed can be planted deeper than normal. In addition, the sprouting seedlings are much taller than the untreated ones they compete weU against weeds. The material is sold under the trade name Release. 

Cell Division Inhibitors. The most common mode of action of soil-appHed herbicides is growth inhibition, primarily through dkect or indkect interference with cell division (163). Such growth inhibitory activity is the basis for most pre- or post-emergent herbicides intended to control germinating weed seeds. In germinating seeds, cell division occurs in the meristems of the root and the shoot. Meristematic cells go through a cycle... 

The various fumigants often exhibit considerable specificity toward insect pests, as shown in Table 8. The proper choice for any control operation is determined not only by the effectiveness of the gas but by cost safety to humans, animals, and plants flammabdity penetratabdity effect on seed germination and reactivity with furnishings. The fumigants may be used individually or in combination. Carbon tetrachloride has been incorporated with carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, or ethylene dibromide to decrease flammability, and carbon dioxide is used with ethylene oxide for the same purpose. 

Raw Materials. Two principal types of malting-grade badey are in use, ie, six-row and two-row. Six-row badey has six kernels around the stalk, whereas the two-row variety has two kernels. Six-tow kernels tend to be twisted, and the two-row grade is more symmetrical. Figure 1 is an illustration of a badey kernel and its key components. As badey is converted into malt, the acrospire for the embryo lengthens until it reaches the far end of the kernel, and roodets also grow as if the seed is germinating into a new plant. A discussion of the stmcture and composition of badey can be found in Reference 1. 

Investment, Costs, and Prices for Barley and Malt. Estimated malthouse investment (1993) and costs for a new malthouse with annual capacity of 120,000 t are shown in Table 2. This malthouse is equipped with twelve 1,700-bushel steep tanks, eight 10,000-bushel germination compartments, and two double-deck kilns. The kilns are equipped with standard heat recovery units and indirect heat. 

Seed Treatment, prevent spoilage, premature germination, sprout growth... 

Tyndalization, or fractional sterilization, is no longer considered acceptable for sterilization. Spores of vegetative organisms are the most difficult entities to destroy. In this procedure, rather than destroying the spores, spores are prompted to germinate and then destroyed by boiling water. 

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