Germany insurance

Costs to the patient and costs of individual products are variable but may be substantial. An epidemiological study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients found that patients spent an average of 18 per month on herbs (range, 0-175) [46]. Unfortunately most U.S. prescription insurance companies do not cover the cost of dietary supplements. One exception is the American Western Life Insurance Company, San Mateo, California, which offers their subscribers a Prevention Plus option that covers herbal medicines [34]. In Germany, herbs that are prescribed by physicians are covered by insurance, whereas non-prescription herbs are not covered [34]. 

As has been shown, the POC starts from surface hydroxyl groups which are constantly being newly formed in the cycle by H2O. The existence of these hydroxyl groups was insured when we began our investigations in Germany, it had become known particularly as a result of the studies carried out by BOEHM at al. ( ), which were based on the research results of other authors. 

Although this measure was first introduced in Germany in 1989, constraints on public drag spending and the creation of incentives for cheaper alternatives are not new to cost containment policies, especially in public health systems. Several forms of public financing of pharmaceuticals based on comparison (yardstick competition) have been used in some countries by public and private insurers. Public financing mechanisms that pursue a similar strategy to that of RP include the maximum allowable cost (MAC) applied by the... 

In other words the economic area of greater Germany is too small to satisfy the military economic requirements as to mineral oils. The new and successful contacts with southeastern Europe show us that the only hopeful possibility to insure supplies for the mineral-oils economy completely for many years is by securing this area by means of the Wehrmacht. 

Dr. Joachim Breuer, CEO of the association of commercial and industrial statutory accident insurance, stated in a press release on 17.12.2002 We do not expect deaths to reach their peak until between 2005 and 2015 . Breuer estimates that the overall expenditure of the iability insurance carriers could probably rise to well in excess of 10,000 million. By 2020 up to 20,000 deaths in Germany could be due to asbestos. 

In 1997, health expenditures in Germany totaled 298 billion, equal to 14.2 /o of the GDP. The health care system in Germany is decentralized, and health care expenditures are covered by a variety of sources/payers. The statutory insurance system (GKV) represents the biggest proportion of the total care coverage (for almost 50 /o). Employers, government budget, private households, private insurance. 

These similarities are offset by contrasts in their health insurance arrangements, access of patients to the political process, the authority wielded by physicians, and social insurance systems. For example, health care in the United States is generally seen as a private good associated with individual choice and the availability of menus for insurance, thereby rationing care by price. In Germany, by contrast, health care is seen primarily as a right or entitlement. It serves as an instrument of broader social justice, and rationing, if at all, is controlled by providers on a local and individual level. 

Even insurance practices exhibit cross-cultural differences. The EU guidelines for patient protection lay down that there should be sufficient insurance provision. However, some countries have taken this requirement a step further by laying down the actual sums for which individual patients, or, in the case of Germany, the total number of patients, must be covered. In the United States, patients and volunteers are in general insured by the institution in which the study is conducted the fees for this are not directly reimbursed by the sponsor but form part of the overall study cost. 

The differences between countries are less clear-cut, none the less, than the above figures imply. The drugs discussed so far are fhose fhat must be prescribed by a physician. Some drugs are classified as generally regarded as safe, however, which means that they can be sold direct to the public, that is OTC, rather than on prescription. Diet supplements are apparently much more popular in Germany than in the United States but, in fact, the Americans buy them OTC instead of having them prescribed. This reflects both culture and systems of health insurance reimbursement. 

The ideas presented in the following are the results of an ongoing cooperation with an industrial partner, namely the AMB Generali Informatik Services GmbH (abbr. AMB-Informatik). AMB-Informatik is the IT service provider for a major affiliated group of insurance companies in Germany. 

Although Germany has a long-standing reputation as a passive welfare state with elaborate schemes of status-protecting income replacement through social insurance in case of unemployment and a full-blown system of active labour market policies, all benefit systems had formal elements of activation and work requirement - but they had not been enforced systematically. 

Janoski T (1990) The political economy of unemployment Active labor market policy in West Germany and the United States. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA Johnson TR, Klepinger DH (1991) Evaluation of the impacts of the Washington alternative work search experiment. Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper 91-4. USDOL, ETA, Washington, DC... 

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