Genetic engineering summarized

The source of n-3 PUFAs used in human feeding trials has been either flaxseed or linseed oil as a source of ALA, fish and fish oils as sources of EPA and DHA, purified esters of EPA and DHA, or DHA triglycerides from genetically engineered algae. There are only a few human studies in which flaxseed or fish was fed, whereas there are several dozen studies with fish oils only. Results from these studies are summarized in the following section. 

Table 2.4 summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the most widely used enzymes [145]. However, the field of biocatalysis is undergoing rapid development, and it can be expected that some of the limitations will be overcome in the near future by using novel (genetically engineered) enzymes and through the development of novel techniques. Examples of recent developments of potential industrial bioprocesses include ... 

A few of these new products are now at the stage where they are ready for small scale field testing. This chapter summarizes EPA s current regulatory program for genetically engineered microbial pesticides and presents a case history for one of the experimental products the Agency has evaluated. 

Here, we have summarized the stress response molecular mechanisms and their biotechnological applications. Based on the various stress response mechanisms and the identification of the corresponding stress-induced genes, genetically engineered plants have been produced and... 

Data must be provided on the identity of the chemical active ingredient as well as of the contaminants (12-13) (Table I). These data requirements are sufficiently inclusive to be applicable to chemicals manufactured by biotechnological processes. It should be emphasized that different tests may be necessary to provide the data for genetically engineered products and that new tests may have to be developed to do so. Toxicity testing requirements to assess potential hazard to human health are outlined in T-1-245 (14) and are summarized in Table II. It should be noted that the technical... 

The present review work is summarized on the fermentation systems used for the biotechnological production, the various raw materials and applications of lactic acid and organic lactates. Future developments in this area with respect to the strain selection and modificatimis, genetic-engineering approaches, carbohydrate sources and their pretreatment, fermentation techniques and the downstream processing options are discussed. 

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