Gene expression/regulation translational

Importantly, as we detail later in Section 2.3.2, miRNAs can also regulate gene expression through translational activation, which involves epigenetic mechanisms (27,75). 

Gene Expression, regulation of Immunology— Autoimmunity Mammalian Cell Culture Metabolic Engineering Nucleic Acid Synthesis Protein Folding protein Structure Protein Synthesis Tissue Engineering translation of RNA TO Protein... 

Biomaterials, Synthesis, Fabrication, and Applications Chromatin Structure and Modification DNA Its TING IN Forensic Science Enzyme Mechanisms Gene Expression, Regulation oe Hybrido-MAS, Genetic Engineering oe Protein Synthesis Tissue Engineering Translation of RNA to Protein... 

Chromatin Structure and Modification Gene Expression, Regulation of Immunology-Autoimmunity Mammalian Cell Culture Ribozymes Translation of RNA to Protein... 

Cell Death (Apoptosls) Gene Expression, Regulation OF Immunology-Autoimmunity Protein Folding Protein Structure Ribozymes Translation OF RNA TO Protein... 

Bioconjugate Chemistry Bioenergetics Bioinorganic Chemistry Bioreactors Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors Gene expression. Regulation OF Lipoprotein/Cholesterol Metabolism Translation of rna to protein vitamins and Coenzymes... 

The accumulation of lycopene, at the expense of jS-carotene formation, on treatment of plants with the substituted triethylamine CPTA (Figure 4.9) has been demonstrated in several cases, including citrus fruits and Aphanocapsa cells and cell extracts. In Aphanocapsa, in vivo and in vitro I50 values for lycopene cyclase were 45 and 30 pM, respectively, and a noncompetitive effect on the enzyme was shown. However, in citrus fruits a range of onium compounds related to CPTA regulate the formation of all- carotenoids, in that not only is cyclization blocked, but also the formation of lycopene is stimulated. The latter effect requires protein synthesis. Indeed, the tertiary amine MPTA [2-(4-methylphenoxy)triethyl-amine] causes gene expression and translation of [poly(A) ]RNA on SOS ribosomes. Therefore, CPTA and related compounds may have multiple effects in plants. 

Clearly, the control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is a key regulatory mechanism controlling carotenogenesis in vivo. However, post-transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes has been found in chromoplasts of the daffodil. The enzymes phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) are inactive in the soluble fraction of the plastid, but are active when membrane-bound (Al-Babili et al, 1996 Schledz et al, 1996). The presence of inactive proteins indicates that a post-translational regulation mechanism is present and is linked to the redox state of the membrane-bound electron acceptors. In addition, substrate specificity of the P- and e-lycopene cyclases may control the proportions of the p, P and P, e carotenoids in plants (Cunningham et al, 1996). 

Hinnebusch, A. G. (2000). Mechanism and regulation of initiator methionyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes. In Translational Control of Gene Expression (N. Sonenberg,... 

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