Gene translation

When a mutation introduces a termination codon in the interior of a gene, translation is prematurely halted and the incomplete polypeptide is usually inactive. These are called nonsense mutations. The gene can be restored to normal function if a second mutation either (1) converts the misplaced termination codon to a codon specifying an amino acid or (2) suppresses the effects of the termination codon. Such restorative mutations are called nonsense suppressors they generally involve mutations in tRNA genes to produce altered (suppressor) tRNAs that can recognize the termination codon and insert an amino acid at that position. Most known suppressor tRNAs have single base substitutions in their anticodons. 

In the liver, cholesterol synthesis is regulated by changes in the amount and activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. Transcription of the gene, translation of the mRNA, and degradation of the enzyme are stringently controlled. In addition, the activity of the reductase is regulated by phosphorylation. 

Hepatic protein synthesis proceeds via the subcellular stages of gene transcription (in the nucleus) and gene translation (in the cytoplasm). The DNA is transcribed into various types of RNA by the action of the different DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I (A), II (B) and III (C). RNA polymerase I is responsible for the transcription of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II mediates the transcription of messenger RNA, and RNA polymerase III forms transcriptal RNA. These three different RNA types move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here the ribosomes acquire the genetic information needed for protein synthesis via mRNA, and tRNA transports the activated amino acids to the ribosomes, which are themselves activated (and if necessary replicated) by rRNA. (s. figs. 2.9, 2.17 3.5)... 

Mura E, Govoni S, Racchi M et al (2013) Consequences of the 118A>G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene translation from bench to bedside J Pain Res 6 331-353... 

Interferons are generally stimulatory proteins that exert their activity through interactions with cell surface receptors, inducing cellular processes and enhancing specific gene translation (79). Interferons also regulate the expression of unique antiviral proteins such as MX protein, which alters microtubule formation and mitosis, and 2 -5 -oligoadenylate synthetase (2,5-0AS), which induces the destruction of viral RNA. 

FIE2 http //sdmc.lit.org.sg/FIE2.0 Human gene translation start site... 

Gene expression. Synthesis of a functional protein depends on transcriptimi of the gene, translation of the mRNA, often processing of the mRNA, and often post-translational processing of the initial translation product (see Post-translational modification of proteins). TVanscription of a cloned insert requires the presence of a promoter which is recognized by the host RNA polymerase. Translation requires a ribo-... 

Piwnica-Worms D. Making sense out of anti-sense challenges of imaging gene translation with radiolabeled ohgonucleotides. J Nucl Med 1994 ... 

---