Regulation post-translational

Clearly, the control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is a key regulatory mechanism controlling carotenogenesis in vivo. However, post-transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes has been found in chromoplasts of the daffodil. The enzymes phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) are inactive in the soluble fraction of the plastid, but are active when membrane-bound (Al-Babili et al, 1996 Schledz et al, 1996). The presence of inactive proteins indicates that a post-translational regulation mechanism is present and is linked to the redox state of the membrane-bound electron acceptors. In addition, substrate specificity of the P- and e-lycopene cyclases may control the proportions of the p, P and P, e carotenoids in plants (Cunningham et al, 1996). 

McCabe Jr., M.J., Dias, J.A. and Lawrence, D.A., Lead influences translational or post-translational regulation of la expression and increases invariant chain expression in mouse B cells. J. Biochem. Toxicol., 6, 269, 1991. 

In short, CNTs own potential nanohazards because we still do not know the concrete metabolism course of CNTs within cells and human body, and possible effects on heredity, gene transcriptional, and post-translational regulations, at present, we still do not have enough proofs to confirm CNTs are no toxic, thereby the key is to find these methods to reduce potential risk of CNTs by series of studies. 

Dixon, I.M.C., Ju, H., and Reid, N.L. 1998. The role of angiotensin II in post-translational regulation of fibrillar collagens in fibrosed and failing rat heart.471—498. 

Gene regulation represents the most basic level of metabolic control. Although there are few examples in the alkaloid literature, the post-translational regulation of enzymes can also exert considerable influence over the control of metabolic flux. Recent work in our laboratory suggests that enzymatic controls function of the regulation in alkaloid biosynthesis. (5)-Norcoclaurine is accepted as the central precursor to all BAs produced in plants.6,7 However, NCS was first isolated based on its ability to convert dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (3,4-DHPAA) to the tetrahydroxylated alkaloid (S)-norlaudanosoline.129 The ability of NCS to accept either 4-HPAA or 3,4-DHPAA contributed to the incorrect conclusion that (S)-norlaudanosoline is a common pathway intermediate. However, only (5)-norcoclaurine has been detected in plants. 

Conn, P.M., Knollman, P.E., Brothers, S.P. and Janovick, J.A. (2006) Protein folding as post-translational regulation evolution of a mechanism for controlled plasma membrane expression of a GPCR. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 161-171... 

Nuclear SREBP activity is also controlled by several post-translational regulations including phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation and ubiquiti-nation (Bengoechea-Alonso and Ericsson, 2007 Eberle et ah, 2004). Several cross-talks with kinase-mediated signalling are likely to influence SREBP-lc in the liver in vivo. GSK3 is involved in the phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination of SREBP-lc (Punga et ah, 2006 Sundqvist et ah, 2005). PKA-dependent phosphorylation of SREBP-lc also reduces SREBP-lc activity (Lu and Shyy, 2006). Together with 26S proteasome, Erk-dependent pathways is involved in the reduction of nuclear SREBP-1 induced by docosahexaenoic acid (C22 6n-3) (Botolin et ah, 2006). 

Cheng X, Hart G W (2001). Alternative O-glycosylation/O-phosphorylation of serine-16 in murine estrogen receptor beta post-translational regulation of turnover and transactivation activity. J. Biol. Chem. 276 10570-10575. 

Kang MK, Han SJ. 2011. Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation during mouse... 

Hamel CE, Tsilou E, Pfeffer B, Hooks J, Detrick B, Redmond TM (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of RPE65, a novel retinal pigment epithelium-specific microsomal protein that is post-translationally regulated in vitro. J Biol Chem 268 15 751-15 757... 

Proteases hydrolyse the amide bonds of proteins. While some proteases have a purely metabolic function, a number of proteases are involved in the post-translational regulation of protein activity and are essential for cellular function. Many pathways such as hormone activation, apoptosis, coagiflation, or viral infection are dependent on the action of specific proteases. As for kinases, there is widespread interest in methods that define the preferred substrate of a protease and in being able to correlate their activity to the cellular state. Three detection methods have been developed based on irreversible inhibitors that selectively label active proteases [52], fluorogenic substrates [55,83], and substrates flanked by two FRETing fluorophores [58]. 

Theurkauf W.E. 1992. Behavior of structurally divergent alpha-tubulin isotypes during Drosophila embryogenesis Evidence for post-translational regulation of isotype abundance. Dev Biol. 154 205-217. 

O Quin, J.B., Bomassa, L., Zhang, D., Shockey, J.M., Gidda, S.K., Eosnot, S., Chapman, K.D., Mullen, R.T., Dyer, J.M., 2010. Temperatme-sensitive, post-translational regulation of plant omega-3 fatty acid desaturases is mediated by the ER-assodated degradation pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 21781-21796. 

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