Regulation post-transcriptional

Yost, H.J., Petersen, R.B., Lindquist, S. (1990). Post-transcriptional regulation of heat shock protein synthesis in Drosophila In Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine (Morimoto, R., Tissieres, A. Georgopoulos, C., eds.), pp. 379-409, CSH Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. 

Clearly, the control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is a key regulatory mechanism controlling carotenogenesis in vivo. However, post-transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes has been found in chromoplasts of the daffodil. The enzymes phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) are inactive in the soluble fraction of the plastid, but are active when membrane-bound (Al-Babili et al, 1996 Schledz et al, 1996). The presence of inactive proteins indicates that a post-translational regulation mechanism is present and is linked to the redox state of the membrane-bound electron acceptors. In addition, substrate specificity of the P- and e-lycopene cyclases may control the proportions of the p, P and P, e carotenoids in plants (Cunningham et al, 1996). 

Using human hepatoma-derived cell lines Kong et al. [268] showed that berberine increased mRNA and protein as well as the function of hepatic linear low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). It does not stimulate the transcription of LDLR, as the LDLR promoter activity was not increased by this compound. Post-transcriptional regulation appears to be the main working mechanism underlying the effect of this alkaloid on LDLR expression. It was proposed that berberine can be used as a monotherapy to treat hypercholes-terolemic patients [268]. Very recently it was observed [269] that berberine reduces cholesterol and Upid accumulations in plasma as well as Uver. 

A mbros Less is known about how cki-1 is shut off in VPCs than about how cki-1 is turned on in these cells. However, when we misexpress lin-14 late in development, it will maintain cki-1 expression later than in the normal vulval lineage. Therefore, extinction of cki-1 expression in VPCs is influenced by some activity that is in turn dependent on lin-14 down-regulation. All our cki-1 expression constructs retain the 3hUTR of cki-1 (Hong et al 1998), and so the dynamic cki-1 expression we observe could reflect post-transcriptional regulation in addition to transcription regulation. 

Tsai KC, C.V., Kohn DT, Neve RL, Per-rone-Bizzozero NI. Post-transcriptional regulation of the GAP-43 gene by specif-... 

Kwon H-S, Lee D-K, Edenberg HJ, Lee J-J, Ahn Y-H, Hur M-W. Post-transcriptional regulation of human ADH5/FDH and Myf6 gene expression by upstream AUG codons. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001 386 163-171. 

Menon, K.M.J., Clouser, C.L., and Nair, A.K. 2005. Gonadotropin receptors role of post-translational modifications and post-transcriptional regulation. Endocrine 26(3), 249-257. 

Roshash I was thinking of this in terms of the transcription versus protein only issue it is a pretty good argument that we might have expected that the kinases would allow it to continue to cycle. In other words, if there is a way to estabhsh an oscillator without the transcriptional circuitry (kinases and post-transcriptional regulation only), one might have expected persistent protein cychng. 

Rutila JE, Suri V, Le M, So WV, Rosbash M, Hall JC 1998 CYCLE is a second bHLH-PAS protein essential for circadian transcription of Drosophila period and timeless. Cell 93 805-814 So WV, Rosbash M 1997 Post-transcriptional regulation contributes to Drosophila clock gene mRNA cycling. EMBO J 16 7146-7155... 

Studies to date have shown that increases in gene transcription rates generally precede flavonoid production. This observation, in conjunction with studies on flavonoid-related transcription factors (TFs), suggests that gene transcription is the key point for biosynthetic gene regulation, rather than translation or post-translational steps. Post-transcriptional regulation has been reported for flavonoid biosynthesis (reviewed in Ref. 14 and recently... 

Pairoba, C.F. and Walbot, V., Post-transcriptional regulation of expression of the Bronze gene of Zea mays L. Plant Mol. Biol, 53, 75, 2003. 

Cullen, B.R. and Mahm, M.H. Tire HIV-1 Rev-protein prototype of a novel class of eukaryotic post-transcriptional regulators (1991) Trends Biochem. Sd. 16, 346-350... 

S ADP + N-phospho-L-Arg <7, 28> (<7> the enzyme is an important component of the energy releasing mechanism in the visual system that has high and fluctuating energy demands [28] <28> the enzyme is a modulator of energetic reserves under starvation stress conditions, activity is post-transcriptionally regulated [37]) (Reversibility <7, 28> [28, 36]) [28, 37]... 

Sherman, A., M. Shefer, S. Sagee, and Y. Kassir, Post-transcriptional regulation of IME1 determines initiation of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237 375-384, 1993. 

DeRocher, E.J. Bohnert, H.J. (1991). Post-transcriptional regulation of rubisco small subunit gene expression during environmental stress and development. Plant Physiology 96S, 83. 

Levy, A. P., Levy, N. S., and Goldberg, M. A. 1996. Post transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 277 2746-2753. 

SELEX has also allowed the characterization of the RNA hairpin, which constitutes the iron responsive element (IRE) recognized by the iron regulatory factor (IRF) protein to post-transcriptionally regulate translatability and decay of mRNAs involved in iron import and storage in eukaryotic cells (Henderson et al., 1994). 

Wei LN, Law PY, Loh HH. Post-transcriptional regulation of opioid receptors in the nervous system. Front Biosci. 2004 9 1665-1679. 

Jacob J, Sebastian KS, Devassy S, et al. Membrane estrogen receptors genomic actions and post transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 ... 

Kocarek, T. A., R. C. Zanger, and R. F. Novak. Post-transcriptional regulation of rat CYP2E1 expression Role of CYP2E1 mRNA untranslated regions in control of translational efficiency and message stability. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 376 180-190, 2000. 

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