Translational regulation

Activity of soluble protein Nitrogen catabolism regulation Translation termination Not known Not known Not known... 

Liu Y, Garceau NY, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC 1997 Thermally regulated translational control of FRQ mediates aspects of temperature responses in the Neurospora circadian clock. Cell... 

Hershey, J. W. B., Protein phosphorylation controls translation rates. J. Biol. Chem. 264 20823, 1989. Describes how protein kinases are thought to regulate translation in eukaryotic systems. 

SELEX has also allowed the characterization of the RNA hairpin, which constitutes the iron responsive element (IRE) recognized by the iron regulatory factor (IRF) protein to post-transcriptionally regulate translatability and decay of mRNAs involved in iron import and storage in eukaryotic cells (Henderson et al., 1994). 

The translation of mRNA to protein concludes the gene expression cascade and links the proteome to the genome. Consequently, control of translation can be a direct and effective means to modulate the proteome [21, 30, 31]. In addition to transcript interactions with protein regulators, translation is also modulated by structural features or regulatory sequences appearing within the mRNA molecules. The 7-methylguanylate triphosphate nucleotidyl caps at the 5 end, poly-A tails, uORFs, and IRESs are examples of structures that affect the rate and efficiency of translation in eukaryotes [21]. 

Yakhnin AV, Yakhnin H, Babitzke P. RNA polymerase pausing regulates translation initiation by providing additional time for TRAP-RNA interaction. Mol. Cell. 2006 24 547-557. 

V. Irihimovitch and M. Shapira. 2000. Glutathione redox potential modulated by reactive oxygen species regulates translation of rubisco large subunit in the chloroplast J. Biol. Chem. 275 16289-16295. (PubMed)... 

The study of halobacterial genes has entered a phase in which, as in the best-studied eucaryal and bacterial systems, genes are readily isolated, modified, and reintroduced. This allows emphasis to begin to shift from sequence comparison (not by any means finished) to a study of processes such as transcription and its regulation, translation, replication and recombination. 

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional event that changes one canonical nucleotide into another in nascent RNA transcripts, especially in mRNAs. Since this has the potential to change the amino acid identity of the pertinent codon, RNA editing has been shown to play an extremely important role in generating protein diversity and/or regulating translation specificity. Of all the RNA editing events, deamination is probably the one that has been most extensively studied. In this section, two representative deamination modifications, adenosine to inosine (A to I) and cytidine to uridine (C to U) conversions are discussed. 

Miihlbauer SK, Eichacker LA. Light-dependent formation of the photosynthetic proton gradient regulates translation elongation in chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1998 273 20935-20940. 

The phenomenon of attenuation of translation of the trp operon in bacteria is provided as an example of posttranscriptional gene regulation. This mechanism, which is used by several amino acid biosynthetic operons, relies on alternative RNA secondary structures and on the coupling of transcription and translation in prokaryotes. The regulation of iron metabolism in animals is presented to show how RNA secondary structures can by bound specifically by proteins and thereby regulate translation. 

Phosphorylation of CPE binding factor by Eg2 regulates translation of c-mos mRNA. Nature 404(6775) 302-307. 

In some cases the rate of RNA folding may play a functional role and be exploited by natural systems. Such kinetic models were proposed for the control of translation by RNA secondary structure 28, 29). In these cases the translation is inhibited by a structure in the mRNA that sequesters the translation initiation region. Therefore the level of protein synthesis is very sensitive to the time of folding which actually regulates translation. For example, a long-distance interaction (LDI) was suggested to repress the synthesis of one of the proteins in phage MS2 (29). However,... 

Shaw KT, Utsuki T, Rogers J, Yu QS, Sambamurti K, Brossi A, Ge YW, Lahiri DK, Greig NH (2001) Phenserine regulates translation of P-amyloid precursor protein mRNA by a putative interleukin-1 respraisive element a target Iot drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 7605-7610... 

Norton, L.E. and Layman, D.K. (2006). Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J Nutr 136 533S-537S. 

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