Gastrointestinal symptoms, from

Matthias CGT, Turner MC, Maibach HI (1979) Contact Dermatitis and gastrointestinal symptoms from hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Br J Dermatol 110 447... 

Niclosamide inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and stimulates adenosine tripho-sphatese activity in the mitochondria of cestodes, killing the scolex and proximal segments of the tapeworm both in vitro and in vivo. The scolex of the tapeworm, then loosened from the gut wall, may be digested in the intestine and thus may not be identified in the stool even after extensive purging [90,91], Niclosamide is not appreciably absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract [92,93] and the side effects have primarily been limited to gastrointestinal symptoms. 

Rao et al. [140] described a study using a commercial pH sensitive radio-telemetry capsule (RTC) to evaluate small bowel and colonic transit time in athletes with gastrointestinal symptoms. The RTC (type 7006 Remote Control Systems, London, UK) consists of a glass electrode with an integral reference cap and battery. RF transmissions from the capsule are detected by a solid-state receiver worn on the belt of the patient. The recorder samples the pH from the capsule at 6 second intervals for a period of 24 hours. They used pH changes as an indication of the pH capsule s movement. A sharp rise in pH from around pH 2 to pH 6 indicates that the capsule has moved into the duodenum from the stomach. Then the pH progressively rises to a plateau around pH 8, which indicates that the capsule has moved into the terminal ileum. Another commercially available wireless pH sensor (Bravo) from Medtronic Inc. has been used to measure esophageal pH for a period of 48 hours and it will be discussed later. 

Generally, tin compounds of 3-4 mgday-1 are ingested in the human body, and are absorbed poorly from the digestive tracts. 40% of the tin are excreted via urine and feces. Tin compounds tend to accumulate in liver, kidney and bone. By the oral route, high levels of tin compounds cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain and headache. 

Botulism. Clinical features include symmetric cranial neuropathies (i.e., drooping eyelids, weakened jaw clench, and difficulty swallowing or speaking), blurred vision or diplopia, symmetric descending weakness in a proximal to distal pattern, and respiratory dysfunction from respiratory muscle paralysis or upper airway obstruction without sensory deficits. Inhalational botulism would have a similar clinical presentation as food-borne botulism however, the gastrointestinal symptoms that accompany foodborne botulism may be absent. 

ROCK C L, THORNQUIST M D, KRISTAL A R, PATTERSON R E, COOPER D A, NEUHOUSER M L, neumark-sztainer D and cheskin l j (1999), Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study , J Nutr, 129(4), 855-64. rodale (1996), The Prevention Index - a report card on the nation s health, 1996 summary report. Rodale Press, Inc, Emmaus, Pennsylvania. SANDLER R S, ZORICH N L, FILLOON T G, WISEMAN H B, LIETZ D J, BROCK M H, ROYER M G and MIDAY R K (1999), Gastrointestinal symptoms in 3181 volunteers ingesting snack foods containing olestra or triglycerides , Annals Internal Med, 130, 253-61. 

No serious side effects are reported by large clinical studies of ginkgo (Field and Vadnal 1998). Adverse effects resulting from improper dosage have also not been reported (Gruenwald et al. 1998). Mild gastrointestinal symptoms may occur or allergic skin reactions, albeit rarely. Other potential side effects are headaches, dizziness, and palpitations. However, some studies have reported adverse effects to be the same as that of... 

Answer The first and most important step in managing a patient with fever and occasional gastrointestinal symptoms upon return from a malaria-endemic area is to include it prominently in the differential diagnosis. Any delay in the diagnosis and proper treatment places the patient in peril. Untreated P. falciparum in a nonimmune individual can quickly overwhelm the patient in a very short time hence the name malignant tertian malaria. Severe manifestations heralding unfavorable prognosis include... 

The side-effect profile of venlafaxine is similar to that of SSRIs and includes gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and transient discontinuation symptoms. Like the SSRIs, venlafaxine does not affect cardiac conduction or lower the seizure threshold. In most patients, venlafaxine is not associated with sedation or weight gain. Side effects that differ from those of SSRIs are hypothesized to be related to the increased noradrenergic activity of this drug at higher doses these side effects are dose-dependent anxiety (in some patients) and dose-dependent hypertension. 

Vitamin B12 is a biologically active corrinoid, a group of cobalt-containing compounds with macrocyclic pyrrol rings. Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for two enzymes, methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase. Methionine synthase requires methylcobalamin for the methyl transfer from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to form methionine tetrahy-drofolate. L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase requires adenosylcobalamin to convert L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in an isomerization reaction. An inadequate supply of vitamin B12 results in neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms (Baik and Russell, 1999). 

Carbon tetrachloride is toxic through both inhalation and ingestion. Toxic symptoms from inhalation tend to be associated with nervous system, whereas those from ingestion often involve the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Both the liver and kidney may be substantially damaged by carbon tetrachloride. 

Celiac disease is the result of the development of inflammatory-allergic condition due to gluten intolerance. The disease occurs both in adults and in children in a number of countries all over the world. Its occurrence is fairly frequent, it is estimated that approximately 1% of the population suffers from it. Patients manifest not only gastrointestinal symptoms, but also symptoms which are the consequence of malabsorption syndrome, such as osteoporosis, hypochromic anemia, hypoproteinaemia, hypocalcemia, short stature in children, vitamin deficiency, secondary polysensibilization, and emotional disturbances. Moreover, it has been observed that the occurrence of autoimmunological diseases and neoplasms in patients who are not treated with gluten-free diet doubles (Swinson et al., 1983 Ventura et al., 1999). 

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