Gastrointestinal hyperactivity

Irritability, anxiety, listlessness, mental confusion, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal distress, gastrointestinal hyperactivity, paresthesias, weakness and heaviness of the legs, flaccid paralysis, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, ECG changes... 

In subjects who are addicted to morphine, the initial symptoms of the abstinence or withdrawal syndrome usually appear 6 to 12 hours after the last dose and consist of CNS irritability and feelings of fatigue, autonomic hyperactivity such as tachycardia and hypertension, gastrointestinal hyperactivity such as diarrhea, and autonomic supersensitivity such as insomnia and restlessness. 

Isopropamide iodide is recommended for use in the treatment of peptic ulcer and various other states of gastrointestinal hyperactivity. It has also been advocated as an adjunct in the therapy of duodenal and gastric ulcer and invariably in the relief of visceral spasms. 

On the pathophysiological side, hyperactive nNOS has been implicated in A/-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated neuronal death in cerebrovascular-stroke. Some disturbances of smooth muscle tone within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease) may also be related to an overproduction of NO by nNOS in peripheral nitrergic nerves. 

Clinical signs and symptoms of toxicity are related to the overstimulation of muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system receptors in the nervous system. Muscarinic receptors are those activated by the alkaloid drug muscarine. These receptors are under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system, and their hyperactivity results in respiratory and gastrointestinal dysfunction, incontinence, salivation, bradycardia, miosis, and sweating. Nicotinic receptors are those activated by nicotine. Hyperactivity of these receptors results in muscle fasciculations even greater stimulation results in blockade and muscle paralysis (Lefkowitz et al. 1996 Tafliri and Roberts 1987). Hyperactivity of central nervous system receptors results in the frank neurological signs of confusion, ataxia, dizziness, incoordination, and slurred speech, which are manifestations of acute intoxication. Muscarine and nicotine are not... 

Adverse effects are usually due to excessive doses (which may occur if the initial increase in metabolism is too rapid) and correspond to symptoms of hyperthyroidism, but they usually disappear after dose reduction or withdrawal of treatment. The most common adverse effects affect the following system as Heart arrhythmias, anginal pain, Central nervous system headache, hyperactivity, sweating, tremor, heat intolerance, Gastrointestinal tract diarrhoea, excessive weight loss, vomiting, Musculoskeletal system muscle cramps, muscle weakness. 

Less common adverse effects include blurred vision, hallucinations, and paradoxical reactions consisting of excitement, stimulation, and hyperactivity. Also, a variety of gastrointestinal complaints occur, and blood dyscrasias have been reported, but these are rare. Benzodiazepine administration during pregnancy, delivery, or lactation has the potential to have adverse effects on the fetus or newborn. 

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder EKG, electrocardiogram GI, gastrointestinal MD, major depression MR, mental retardation OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder. Trade names are in parentheses. Doses are general guidelines. All doses must be individualized with appropriate monitoring. Weight-corrected doses are less appropriate for obese children. 

Hyperactivity/behavioral activation, headache, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, anxiety, drowsiness, dry mouth, increased tics... 

Prozac and the other SSRIs, as well as any antidepressant that blocks the removal of serotonin from the synapse, can produce a well-documented, severe condition called the serotonin syndrome (Sternbach, 1991). This disorder includes the usual signs of overstimulation, such as euphoria and hypomania, agitation, confusion, and gastrointestinal upset, including diarrhea. However, the serotonin syndrome additionally involves overstimulation of the brain stem and spinal cord, producing fever and chills, severe incoordination, muscle spasms, and hyperactive reflexes. It bears some similarity to neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and like NMS it can also be lethal (chapter 4). 

No fatalities have been reported sedation, agitation, hyperactivity, abnormal behavior, gastrointestinal symptoms... 

Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency may include fatigue, skin problems, immune weakness, gastrointestinal disorders, heart and circulatory problems, growth retardation, and sterility (Belzung et al., 1998). In addition to these symptom conditions, a lack of dietary essential fatty acids has been implicated in the development or aggravation of breast cancer, prostate cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, preeclampsia, depression, schizophrenia, and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). The list is neither exhaustive nor conclusive. 

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